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Second Year Medicine 1 > Anatomy and embryology of Urinary system > Flashcards

Anatomy and embryology of Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system? And what are their individual functions?

A
  1. Kidneys - maintain homeostasis by blood filtration.
  2. Ureter - carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
  3. Urinary bladder - stores urine, allowing urination to be controlled.
  4. Urethra - carries urine from bladder to outside body.
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2
Q

Why is the urinary system important? (5 points)

A
  • Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion.
  • Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure.
  • Help to stabilise the pH
  • Reabsorption of small molecules.
  • Produces erythropoietin
    (stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow).
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3
Q

At what level do the kidneys lie?

A

Retroperitoneal at level of T12-L3.

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4
Q

What vertebral level is the transpyloric plane and what lies at this level?

A

L1 - Hilus of kidney lies at this level.

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5
Q

Each kidney is enclosed by 4 layers, what are they?

A
  1. Fibrous renal capsule
  2. Fatty renal capsule
  3. Renal fascia - libro fatty tissue
  4. Pararenal fatty tissue - mainly on posterior aspects of kidney.
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6
Q

What are the posterior relations of the kidney?

A

Diaphragm
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
12th rib

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7
Q

What are the structures that make contact with the anterior surface of the right kidney?

A 
Suprarenal gland 
Liver 
Duodenum 
Colon 
Jejunum
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8
Q

What are the structures that make contact with the anterior surface of the left kidney?

A 
Suprarenal gland 
Stomach 
Spleen 
Pancreas 
Small intestine 
Left colonic flexure
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9
Q

At what vertebral level are the paired renal arteries given off from abdominal aorta?

A

L1/L2

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10
Q

What are the arteries and veins supplying the kidneys?

VAP

A

Right Renal artery (segmental branches x5)
Right Renal vein
Left renal artery (segmental branches x5)
Left renal vein

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11
Q

Where do the renal veins drain into?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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12
Q

Where does the left renal vein travel?

A

Anterior to aorta, relatively long.

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13
Q

Where does the right renal vein travel?

A

Directly, relatively short.

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14
Q

Where does the left renal artery travel?

A

Directly, relatively short.

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15
Q

Where does the right renal artery travel?

A

Posterior to IVC, relatively long.

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16
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

Lateral aortic / para-aortic lymph nodes.

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17
Q

What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?

A

Renal plexus: sympathetic T10-L1, sensory afferent = T11-12

18
Q

What are the arteries of the urinary bladder?

A

Branches of the internal iliac artery

19
Q

What are the veins of the urinary bladder?

A

Drains into the internal iliac veins

20
Q

What are the lymphatics of the urinary bladder?

A

External iliac lymph nodes: Suprapubic part.

Internal iliac lymph nodes: Infrapubic part.

21
Q

Nerve supply of the urinary bladder?

A

Sympathetic: T11-L2
Para: S2-4
Somatic: pudendal nerve (voluntary control)

22
Q

What are the constrictions of the ureter?

A

First constriction = ureter passes over inferior renal pole (abdominal part)
Second constriction = ureter crosses over external iliac vessels
Third constriction: ureter traverses the bladder wall (intramural part)
* stones may lodge here.

23
Q

What is contain in the internal structure of the kidney?

A

Cortex and medulla.
Medulla: Pyramid - Papilla - minor calyx - major calyx - pelvis - ureter.
Renal lobe.

24
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The Nephron - purified blood going back via renal veins.

25
Q
  1. What is a nephron?
  2. What is the renal corpuscles?
  3. What is uriniferous tubule?
A
  1. Nephron = renal corpuscles + renal tubules
  2. Renal corpuscles = Glomerulus + bowmen’s capsule
  3. Uriniferous tubule = nephron + collecting duct
26
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption.

27
Q

What is the difference in the histology of the cortex and the medulla?

A 
Cortex = Glomerulus 
Medulla = all the tubes.
28
Q

What is significant about the histology of the ureter?

A

Star shaped lumen.

29
Q

What are the most common developmental anomalies in urinary system?

A 
Aberrant renal arteries
Pelvic kidney 
Unilateral double kidney 
Horseshoe kidney 
Double ureter 
Congenital polysistic kidney disease 
Pancake kidney
30
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Urinary and reproductive systems

31
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Out pouching of endoderm at the hindgut that extends into the body stalk.
Body stalk later forms umbilical cord.

32
Q
  1. What is the cloaca?

2. What is it divided into?

A
  1. Single posterior opening - used to expel faces.
  2. Rectum posteriorly
    Urogenital sinus anteriorly
33
Q

What does the urogenital sinus form?

A

Urinary bladder and caudal end forms urethra

34
Q

What forms the definitive kidney?

A

A ureteric bud that develops off the mesonephric duct.
And metanephric mesoderm.
Reciprocally induce each other.

35
Q

What happens to the ureteric bud?

A

Undergoes repeated branching - stalk becomes ureter, expanded cranial end becomes renal pelvis.

36
Q

How do the kidneys Ascent?

A

Initially lie on either side of bladder and in developing pelvis. Due to growth of lower body they ascend. Lie in upper abdomen (T12-L3)
Ascent stops when come in contact with adrenal glands.
Rotates to hilum faces medially.

37
Q

What is the bladder?

What is function of detrusor muscle?

A

Bag of smooth muscle, arranged in spiral, longitudinal and circular bundles = detrusor muscle
* contraction of this muscle is mainly responsible for emptying the bladder during micturition.

38
Q

Where does the bladder lie?

A

Midline posterior to pubic bones. Lies anterior to reproductive system and rectum.

39
Q

What does the trigone of bladder contain?

A

2 vesicoureteric openings.

- 1-2cm oblique passage through muscular wall

40
Q

What is defined as being the upper urinary tract?

A

Anything above the bladder:

  1. Kidneys - parenchyma, pelvi-calyceal system
  2. Ureters - Pelvi-uteric junction, ureter, vesicle-uteric junction (valve allows one way traffic)
41
Q

What is defined as being the lower urinary tract?

A
  1. Bladder
  2. Bladder outflow tract:
    - bladder neck
    - prostate
    - external urethral sphincter/pelvic floor
    - urethra
    - urethral meatus
    - foreskin
    - testes

Second Year Medicine 1 (27 decks)

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