Anatomy and Embryology Flashcards
What are the different regions of the heart tube?
Truncus arteriosus Bulbus cordis Ventricle Atrium Sinus venosus
What does the truncus arteriosus form?
The aorta and pulmonary trunk
What does the bulbus cordis form?
Trabeculated part of the right ventricle
Outflow part of both ventricles
What is the trabeculated part of the left ventricle formed by?
the ventricle
what does the atrium form?
the trabeculated part of of both atria
What does the sinus venosus form?
smooth part of right atrium.
coronary sinus.
On which day does the looping and folding of the heart tube begin?
Day 23
Describe the movements of the primitive atrium, ventricle and the bulbus cordis during looping and folding of the heart tube.
Primitive atrium moves dorsally and cranially.
Primitive ventricle is displaced to the left.
Bulbus cordis moves inferiorly and ventrally to the right.
What anatomical terms are used to describe the surfaces of an embryo? (instead of superior and inferior etc)
Cranial
Caudal
Ventral
Dorsal
Where do the internal and common carotid arteries supply?
Internal carotid artery = brain
Common carotid artery = head and neck
What do the aortic arches give rise to?
1 and 2 = mostly destroyed
3 = common carotid artery AND first part of internal carotid artery
4 = right subclavian artery AND part of the aortic arch
5 = rudimentary/absent
6 = sprout branches which form the pulmonary arteries AND ductus arteriosus on the left
Name the 3 venous systems found in the embryo.
Vitelline veins
Umbilical veins
Cardinal veins
What do the vitelline veins do in the embryo?
Drain the yolk sac
What do the umbilical veins do?
Bring oxygenated blood from the placenta into the foetus
What do the cardinal veins do in the embryo?
Provides a systemic venous system
Which germ layer is the heart derived from?
The visceral mesoderm
Where do you palpate for the apex beat?
5th left intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
What are the heart surfaces?
Anterior
Base
Inferior/diaphragmatic
What are the 4 heart borders?
Right border = right atrium
Left border = left ventricle
Superior border = the great vessels
Inferior border = right ventricle
Describe the anatomy of the pericardium (layers etc).
Pericardium = 3 layered sack innermost = visceral pericardium/epicardium Middle = parietal pericardium, which surround the pericardial cavity Outer = fibrous pericardium, is fibrous and fatty and holds the heart in place
What is cardiac tamponade?
A condition preventing cardiac contractions due to a build up of blood in the pericardial sack around the heart.
What is the pericardiocentesis procedure and how is it carried out?
Pericardiocentesis = drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity.
The needle is inserted via the infrasternal angle, directed superioposteriorly and aspirating continuously
What is feature is used by surgeons to isolate the great vessels before comencing cardiopulmonary bypass?
The transverse pericardial sinus
What are the two spetae and what are they indicated by on the heart surface?
Interatrial, indicated by the interatrial groove
Interventircular, indicated by the anterior interventricular groove
Where is the coronary sinus and what is its function?
In the atrioventricular groove, posteriorly.
Function is to drain the deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium.
Describe the branches that arise from the aorta.
First branch is the coronary arteries.
Second is the brachiocephalic trunk.
Third is the left common carotid artery.
Fourth is the left subclavian artery.
What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?
The right subclavian (external) and right common carotid (internal) arteries
Name the main coronary arteries that you need to know.
Right coronary artery:
- posterior interventricular artery
- right marginal artery
Left coronary artery:
- left anterior descending
- left marginal artery
- circumflex artery
- lateral/diagonal branch
Detail the internal features of the right atrium.
Opening for the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus.
Oval fossa
Location of the SA node
Detail the internal features of the right ventricle.
Openings through the tricuspid and pulmonary valves.
Papillary muscles.
Moderator band.
Detail the internal features of the left atrium.
Openings from the superior and inferior pulmonary veins.
Remains of the foramen ovale may be seen
Detail the internal features of the left ventricle.
Openings in the form of the mitral and aortic valves.
Papillary muscles.
Which valves are responsible for the first heart sound?
Tricuspid and mitral
Which valves have the leaflet design?
Tricuspid and mitral
Which valves are responsible for the second heart sound?
Aortic and pulmonary
Which valves have the semilunar design and why are they designed like this?
Aortic and pulmonary, to collect any backflow of blood, forcing the valve shut.
Which valves have papillary muscles?
Mitral and tricuspid
Which are the atrioventricular valves?
Mitral and tricuspid.
