Anatomy and development of the nervous system

Question 1

What does the neuropil consist of?

Answer 1

Cell bodies, axons, dendrites, synapses and associated glia

Question 2

What are the 3 meninges?

Answer 2

Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater

Question 3

What are the roles of the cerebral fluid? (4)

Answer 3

Shock absorption, reduces brain weight, helps to keep extracellular milieu constant, movement removes potentially toxic substances.

Question 4

What is the CSF produced by?

Answer 4

Choroid Plexuses (network of small arteries lining the inner surface of the ventricles)

Question 5

What are the elevated folds on the surface of the brain called?

Answer 5

Gyri (sing. Gyrus)

Question 6

What are the grooves between the elevated folds on the surface of the brain called?

Answer 6

Sulci (sing. Sulcus)

Question 7

What are the deep grooves on the surface of the brain called?

Answer 7

Fissures

Question 8

What are the four main lobes that make up the cerebral cortex and the limbic lobe called?

Answer 8

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal.

Question 9

Where does the limbic lobe reside?

Answer 9

Around the corpus callosum.

Question 10

What does the forebrain consist of?

Answer 10

Diencephalon, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and deep cerebral structures.

Question 11

What does the midbrain consist of?

Answer 11

Part of the brain stem, superior and inferior colliculi

Question 12

What does the hindbrain consist of?

Answer 12

Part of the brainstem and cerebellum

Question 13

What does the brainstem consist of?

Answer 13

Midbrain, pons and medulla.

Question 14

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 14

Integration and coordination of sensory (except smell), motor and autonomic information. Thalamic input to the cortex is considered the first step to generation of sensory perception.

Question 15

What is the nucleus of the thalamus made up of?

Answer 15

Specific (process input from single sensory modality or one motor region, project to a specific cortical region) associative (connected to the associate cortex, where sensory integration occurs and memory of stimuli and emotional behavioral aspects) and diffuse (projections widespread throughout cortex and thalamus, arousal, cortical excitability) nuclei.

Question 16

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 16

Coordination and control of complex movement, posture and balance, also hand-eye coordination. (Done by comparing the motor commands with the actual movement and using feedback to adjust the motor commands)

Question 17

Wrinkle (Gyrus) on the surface of the cerebellum

Answer 17

Folium (each folium codes for one movement)

Question 18

What is the main output inhibitory cell in the simple circuit of the cells in the cerebellum

Answer 18

Purkinje cells.

Question 19

What are the only excitatory neurons in the cerebellum, what do they give rise to, and where do they get their inputs from?

Answer 19

Granule cells give rise to parallel fibers and get input from mossy fibers.

Question 20

Where do climbing fibers in the cerebellum come from?

Answer 20

Inferior olive.