anatomy and biomechanics Flashcards
Where do most bony tissues arise in the foot?
Base of the 5th digit
What are the functions of the sesamoid bones in the foot?
- protect the 1st MTP during walking/running
- act as a gulley for the FHL tendon (pulls the toe into PF)
What ligaments are important for tibialis posterior/pes planus problems?
spring ligament and deltoid ligaments
What are the deltoid ligaments?
Anterior/posterior tibiotalar
Tibiocalcaneal
Tibionavicular
What ligament(s) of the ankle are rarely torn with trauma?
deltoid ligaments
What tendons travel down the medial column of the ankle?
FDL
TA/TP
FHL
The most common type of ankle sprain is caused by excessive (inversion/eversion)
inversion
Who is most likely to present with flat feet?
People who are overweight
(true/flase) peronal tendons can be inflamed by orthotics that rub on them.
true
A muscle produces the most power in what position?
Slightly stretched (stretched enough that cross bridges form and create a pull)
definition: the position of the calcaneus during static stance
resting calcaneal stance
What is a common site of pain in the foot? Why?
plantar aponeurosis because the plantar artery and nerve are irritated with plantar fasciitis
What portion of the plantar aponeurosis is thickest?
central portion
Where does the central portion of the plantar aponeurosis divide?
Divides near the heads of the metatarsals and travel up each digit (5 branches)
The ____ stratum of the central plantar aponeurosis divides into two slips which embrace the side of the Flexor tendons of the toes, and blend with the sheaths of the tendons, and with the transverse metatarsal ligament, thus forming a series of arches through which the tendons of the short and long Flexors pass to the toes
deeper stratum of the central plantar aponeurosis
What are the portions of the plantar aponeurosis?
medial, lateral, central
What does the lateral portion of the plantar aponeurosis cover?
Covers the under surface of the abductor digiti quinti (thin in FRONT and thick BEHIND)
What does the medial portion of the plantar aponeurosis cover?
Under surface of the abductor hallucis (thin)
What muscles make up the most superficial layer of the intrinsic plantar foot muscles?
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti quinti
What muscles make up the second layer of the intrinsic plantar foot muscles?
Quadratus plantæ
Lumbricals
What muscles make up the third layer of the intrinsic plantar foot muscles?
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti quinti brevis
What muscles are the first digit of the foot are most commonly secondary problems?
Abductors
The tibialis posterior stabilizes the (medial/lateral) column ECCENTRICALLY and ISOMETRICALLY from heel contact through foot flat.
medial
The tibialis posterior contracts CONCENTRICALLY to assist in what?
Contracts concentrically to assist in lifting the medial longitudinal arch and navicular bone at late stance to heel off.
What muscle provides the medial pull that assists in creating the forefoot transverse arch?
tibialis posterior
What does the FHL do?
FLX and PF
What creates the lateral pull that stabilizes the forefoot transverse arch?
peroneal muscles
What is the primary plantar flexor?
triceps surae
NEEDS the medial/lateral column balance to function
What is the order of examining the foot biomechanically?
- standing
- walking
- sitting
- supine
- prone
What is the key to biomechanical assessment?
resting calcaneal stance
(true/false) there is a normal arch height.
false
If a person has a forefoot varus, what are the points of contact?
calcaneus
5th MT
1st MT
What does the coleman block test look for?
valgus forefoot
What are more collaginous (ligaments/tendons)?
ligaments
Too Many toes sign on the right side of the ankle during static stance is an indication of foot (varus/valgus).
valgus
(true/false) Most back pain patients will not present to the clinic with their first bout of back pain
true
During what exam is the navicular drop test used (when needed)?
standing exam/ medial side
definition: when the second toe looks longer than the first.
morton’s toe
How much pressure is needed to occulde an artery?
40 mmHg
description: hyperextension of the knee seen in the sagittal plane
genu recurvatum
If a person’s arch does not move when standing and/or they cannot flex their toes… what is indicated?
Extensor tendon problem
What does it mean if a person has hip/knee collapse during a squat exam?
gluteal, hip ER/ABD deficit
Is hip/knee collapse more common in men or women? Why?
Women because they have a larger Q-angle.
definiton: normal center of pressure line during gait
S-curve
Heel strike collision with the ground creates (significant/non-significant) impact transient/force.
significant
forefoot strike collision with the ground creates (significant/non-significant) impact transient/force.
non-significant
Triceps surae tightness can lead to ankle DF being < ___ degrees
< 10 degrees
What is common in toes due to abnormal toe positioning?
capsulitis
definition: bony abnormality on the posterior calcaneus
haglund’s deformity
Calluses are a result of ___ and/or ___.
pressure and/or friction
What are common areas of intractable plantar keratosis calluses?
ball of the foot
heel
around great toe
Those with intractable plantar keratosis have a (short/long) achille’s tendon.
short
What are the most common locations for plantar warts?
soles of the feet (WB areas)
Why should a person not shave down a plantar wart?
it is highly vascular (red/black dots)
