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MBChB YR2 Endocrine > Anatomy: Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Anatomy: Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerve innervates the larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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2
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Retropharyngeal space

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3
Q

What is the name given to the narrow band which connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

Isthmus

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4
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

External jugular vein

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5
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

On the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland lateral lobes

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6
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe?

A

Variation in the structure of the thyroid that represents a persistent remnant of the thyroglossal duct

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7
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Right posterior triangle of the neck

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8
Q

C1 travels within which cranial nerve to reach the thyrohyoid?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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9
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Right anterior triangle of the neck

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10
Q

Name the proximal attachment of the sternal head of sternocleidomastoid

A

Manubrium of sternum

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11
Q

Which fascial compartment is coloured red?

A

Carotid sheath

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12
Q

Name the vertebral levels between which the thyroid gland is situated

A

C5-T1

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13
Q

Name the distal attachment of the carotid sheaths

A

Blend inferiorly with mediastinal fascia

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14
Q

Identify muscle A

A

Thyrohyoid

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15
Q

Which nerve supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)

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16
Q

Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian

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17
Q

Which fascial compartment is coloured purple?

A

Pretrachial fascia

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18
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Anterior jugular vein

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19
Q

What does lymph from the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right venous angle

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20
Q

Injury to which nerve will result in paralysis of the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland

A

Usually consists of two lateral lobes (right and left) and isthmus (narrow connecting band)

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22
Q

List the 4 strap muscles (superficial and deep) from medial to lateral

A

Superficial: sternohyoid is medial, omohyoid is lateral

Deep: sternothyroid is medial, thyrohyoid is lateral

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23
Q

What is the foramen caecum?

A

Point of origin in the tongue of the thyroid gland

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24
Q

Which structures lie anteriorly to the thyroid gland?

A

Sternothyroid, superior belly of the omohyoid and sternohyoid

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25
Q

Where should the incision for a thyroidectomy be made?

A

Just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch

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26
Q

What causes lingual thyroid?

A

Failure of descent of the thyroid

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27
Q

Which group of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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28
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Platysma muscles

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29
Q

List the contents of the pretracheal fascia of the neck

A

Oesophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, strap muscles, recurrent laryngeal nerves

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30
Q

What do the lobes of the thyroid gland attach to?

A

Lateral aspects of thyroid and costal cartilages, and to the trachea

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31
Q

Which nerves give parasympathetic supply to the thyroid?

A

Vagus nerves

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32
Q

Which structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

Subclavian artery

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33
Q

What does lymph from the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Left venous angle

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34
Q

Name the proximal attachment of the carotid sheaths

A

Base of skull

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35
Q

Which nerve supplies thyrohyoid?

A

C1

36
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?

A

Thyrocervical trunk (a branch of the subclavian artery)

37
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

38
Q

Describe the embryological development of the thyroid gland

A

Begins development in the 4th week of embryogenesis as a midline proliferation of pharyngeal epithelium at junction between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

Migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thoracic duct to reach its final position in the 7th week of development

39
Q

What would be the effects of biilateral injury to both recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

Aphonia and inability to close rima glottidis to prevent aspiration, or to produce a good cough, which requires closure of rima glottidis

40
Q

Which two arteries supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior thyroid artery and inferior thyroid artery

41
Q

What is the clinical term for enlargement of the thyroid gland?

A

Goitre

42
Q

List the contents of the investing fascia of the neck

A

Encloses all other neck fascial compartments

Contains trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

43
Q

Which nerve supplies all of the strap muscles except thyrohyoid?

A

Ansa cervicali of cervical plexus (C1-C3)

44
Q

Which fascial compartment is coloured green?

A

Investing fascia

45
Q

Name the distal attachment of sternocleidomastoid

A

Mastoid process of temporal bone

46
Q

Which structures lie laterally to the thyroid gland?

A

Carotid sheath

47
Q

Why does a goitre move during deglutition?

A

Due to relationship with larynx and trachea, a lump in the gland or enlarged gland will move superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx during swallowing

48
Q

At what week of development does the thyroid gland begin to form?

A

Week 4

49
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the thyroid?

A

Paratracheal and deep cervical nodes

50
Q

What causes retrosternal location of the thyroid in the mediastinum?

A

Excessive descent of the thyroid

51
Q

List the contents of the carotid sheath

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes, vagus nerve, common carotid artery, internal jugular vein

52
Q

Which nerves give sympathetic supply to the thyroid?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

53
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Trapezius

54
Q

What would be the effects of unilateral injury to a recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

‘Hoarseness’ or weakness of voice, and weak cough

55
Q

By what week of development are primative thyroid follicles visable?

A

Week 12

56
Q

Name the proximal attachment of the clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid

A

Medial end of clavicle

57
Q

At what week of embryological development does the thyroid gland reach its final position?

A

Week 7

58
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

59
Q

What causes congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Failure of development of the thyroid gland

60
Q

Which nerve supplies the platysma muscles?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

61
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery arise from?

A

First branch of the external carotid artery

62
Q

Identify muscle C

A

Sternohyoid

63
Q

What is the normal weight of a thyroid gland?

A

~25g

64
Q

Name the distal attachment of trapezius (superior part)

A

Spine of scapula and lateral end of clavicle

65
Q

Which structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

Arch of aorta

66
Q

Identify muscle D

A

Omohyoid

67
Q

What causes thyroglossal duct cysts?

A

Failure of thyroglossal duct to regress

68
Q

Which nerves can damaged in a thyroidectomy due to their close proximity to the thyroid?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

69
Q

Which vein does the inferior thyroid gland drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

70
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

71
Q

Which structures lie medially to the thyroid gland?

A

Larynx, pharynx, trachea and oesophagus, external laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves

72
Q

Which vein do the superior and middle thyroid glands drain into?

A

Internal jugular veins (which then drain into brachiocephalic veins)

73
Q

What is indicated by the arrows?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

74
Q

Name the fascial layer which surrounds the thyroid gland

A

Pretracheal fascia

75
Q

Identify muscle B

A

Sternothyroid

76
Q

What is the significance of the retropharyngeal space with relevance to infection?

A

Pus that collects in the retropharyngeal space can travel down to the mediastinum

77
Q

Which veins drain the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins, which form a venous plexus around the thyroid gland

78
Q

Where are the platysma muscles located?

A

Immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck

79
Q

List the contents of the prevertebral (deep) fascia of the neck

A

Postural neck muscles, cervical vertebrae

80
Q

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior to 2nd or 3rd cartilages of the trachea

81
Q

Above which bony landmark is the trachea directly palpable?

A

Jugular notch

82
Q

Where does a pyramidal lobe most commonly originate from?

A

Left lateral lobe

83
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

CN XI

84
Q

Which nerve crosses the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

85
Q

Which vein does the anterior jugular vein drain into?

A

External jugular

86
Q

Which fascia is coloured orange?

A

Prevertebral (deep) fascia

87
Q

Where does a pyramidal lobe attach superiorly to?

A

Most attach superiorly to the thyroid cartilage but may extend as far superiorly as the hyoid bone

MBChB YR2 Endocrine (23 decks)

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