Anatomy - All Exams Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton?
- skull
- vertebral column
- rib cage and sternum
- 12 ribs, all but two attached to sternum via hyaline cartilage
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of limbs attached to trunk by girdle.
Arms - clavicle and scapula
Legs - hip bone
What is the medical term for a depression?
fossa
What is the medical term for a groove?
Sulcus/groove
What is a spine?
Thorn-like, or ridge dividing a surface into 2 large parts
What is a tubercle/Tuberosity?
Slight swelling or blunt projection
What is a crest?
ridge-like projection
What is the medical term for a projection (not specifically blunt or ridge-like)?
process
What is the medical term for a hole?
foramen
What are the 3 cardinal planes?
- Sagittal (verticle) = parallel to sagittal suture of skull. Divides body into right and left.
a) midsagittal (exactly middle)
b) parasagittal (not exact middle) - Coronal Plane (verticle) = parallel to coronal suture.
Divides body into front and back. - Transverse - horizontal plan
What are the three axis of the body?
- Longitudinal Axis = head to tail.
Intersection of coronal and sagittal planes. - Sagittal Axis = back to front.
Intersection of sagittal and transverse planes. - Transverse Axis = Side to Side
Intersection of coronal and transverse planes.
What colours are Haematoxylin and Eosin?
H = basophilic, blue
E = eosinophilic, pink
What processes are involved in preparing slides?
- Collection of Tissue. Freshness is important or decomposition/autolysis.
- Fixation - reduces risk of decomposition or autolysis. Tissue treated, usually with formalin. Also makes tissue firm.
- Dehydration - increasing strengths of ethyl alcohol. Shrinkage.
- Replacing Alcohol by paraffin solvent, usually toluene. Removes natural fat.
- Paraffin infiltration
- Embedding - solidified rapidly in plastic mould = blocks of paraffin
- Microtomy - cut block. Tears, scratches.
- Spreading and drying. Wrinkles or folds.
- Staining - H&E
What are the four types of tissue?
- Epithelium
- Connective
- Muscle
a) skeletal
b) smooth
c) cardiac - Nervous
What are some of the main functions of epithelium?
- Barrier. Compactly arranged cells on basement membrane (non-epithelium).
- Active transport (i.e. absorption)
- Simple diffusion
- Secretion
- Replacement of lost cells
Which junctions adhere cells together?
Adhering Junctions. Quite literally just stuck together.
Which junctions seal off intercellular space?
Occluding/Tight junctions
Kind of wavy looking
Which junctions allow communication between cells?
Gap junctions. Like a tube form one to another.
What is a desmosome?
A cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes.
What is the term given for a single layer of cells?
simple, ie vs stratified/compound
What are the different types of epithelial cell shapes?
- squamous (squashed nuclei)
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
They can be simple of squamous, but columnar can be pseudostratified.
How are ducts formed and what are their parts?
They are a type of epithelial specialization, where cells form canalization (hollow tube).
Part of the tube specializes to become ‘secretory’ (bottom part).
Secretions are carried to the surface by a ‘duct’ (top part).
What is the characteristic of endocrine glands?
The duct part disappears.
What is a compound gland?
Duct/secretory portion can both be lobed.
Lobe = group of lobules surrounded by connective tissue.