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Abdominal Chapter 2 > Anatomy Abd > Flashcards

Anatomy Abd Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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2
Q

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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3
Q

Name the four quadrants of the abdomen

A

RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ

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4
Q

What are the nine regions of the abdomen?

A
  • R & L hypochondriac (upper portions below ribs)
  • Epigastric (upper central portion, above stomach)
  • R & L Lumbar (middle regions located lateral to the umbilicus; aka lateral region
  • Umbilicus (central region around the navel)
  • R & L iliac (lower sides, area of the ilia of pelvis; aka inguinal area)
  • Hypogastric or Pubic
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5
Q

Describe the location of the esophagus in a normal adult

A

Posterior to the trachea, midline

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6
Q

Chewing food is a type of ___________ digestion.

The stomach is involved with what type of digestion?

A

Chewing- Mechanical

Stomach- Chemical

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7
Q

What is the semi fluid, partially digested food found in the upper gastrointestinal tract referred to as?

A

Chyme

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8
Q

What is the last portion of the small intestine called?

A

Ileum

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9
Q

What is the longest portion of the small bowel?

A

Ileum- with a length of nearly 25 feet

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10
Q

What is the shortest portion of the small bowel??

A

Duodenum- about a foot long

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11
Q

What is the second portion of the small bowel called?

What is it’s approximate length

A

Jejunum is about 8 feet long

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12
Q

What is the most distal portion of the large intestine called?

A

Rectum

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13
Q

The majority of the organs in the GI tract are contained within the __________________?

A

Peritoneum

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14
Q

The haustra are the folds that give the _________________ its characteristic appearance.

A

Colon

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15
Q

What are the organs in the retroperitoneum?

A 
S- Suprarenal glands (adrenals)
A- Aorta/ IVC
D- Duodenum
P- Pancreas
U-Ureters
C- Colon (ascending and descending)
K- Kidneys
E- Esophagus
R- Rectum (upper)
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16
Q

How many openings does the diaphragm have?

A

3
Aorta
IVC
Esophagus

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17
Q

Describe the path of the digestive system…..

A 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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18
Q

Name the accessory digestive organs.

A

Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

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19
Q

What organs are found in the abdomen that are part of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, and bladder

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20
Q

This is a fat-laden fold of peritoneum that drapes down from the greater curvature of the stomach and connect the stomach with the spleen and transverse colon.

A

Greater omentum

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21
Q

This attaches the duodenum and lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver.

A

Lesser omentum

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22
Q

The fold of peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

A

Mesocolon

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23
Q

What are the landmarks when dividing two perpendicular planes through the abdomen at the level of the umbilicus to form the quadrants.

A

Transverse: umbilicus- intervertebral disc of L4/5
Vertical: MSP (mid sag plane)- passes through umbilicus and symphysis pubis

24
Q

When dividing the abdomen into regions- name and describe the two horizontal and two vertical lines.

A

Horizontal:
transpyloric plane- lower border of L1
Transtubercular plane- level of L5
Vertical- parallel to MSP and located midway between ASIS and MSP
Right lateral plane
Left lateral plane

25
Q

Where is the topographical landmark for

Xiphoid Process?

A

T9/10

26
Q

Where is the topographical landmark for

Inferior costal margin?

A

L2/3

27
Q

Where is the topographical landmark for

Iliac crest

A

L4/5 vertebral interspace = corresponds to mid abdomen

28
Q

What is in the RUQ?

A 
Liver
Gall bladder
Hepatic flex use
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Right Kidney
Right Adrenal gland
29
Q

What is in the LUQ

A 
Left kidney 
Left adrenal gland
Spleen
Left splenic flexure
Tail of pancreas
Stomach
30
Q

What is in the RLQ?

A 
Ascending colon
Appendix
Cecum
2/3 ileum
Ileocecal valve
31
Q

What is in the LLQ?

A

Descending colon
2/3 jejunum
Sigmoid colon

32
Q

What is the mesentary?

A

Double fold membrane that holds small intestine in place on the posterior wall of the abdomen.

33
Q

What is a described as a large, serous sac-like membrane?

A

Peritoneum

34
Q

What are the organs are INTRAPERITONEAL?

These organs are completely covered in visceral peritoneum.

A 
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Transverse and Sigmoid colon
35
Q

The job of this organ is reabsorb water and essential electrolytes and salts.

A

Large intestines

36
Q

What organs are considered INFRAPERITONEAL?

A 
Lower Rectum
Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs- 
  Male closed sac
  Female open sac- (uterus, tubes, and ovaries, extending into the               peritoneal cavity)
37
Q

What is the ASIS?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

This landmark is commonly used for positioning for pelvic and vertebral structures but is also a secondary landmark for general abdominal positioning.

38
Q

How would you locate the ASIS?

A

Locate the Iliac crest, then palpate anteriorly and inferiorly until a prominent projection or bump is felt.

39
Q

What landmark am I?

  • Usually palpable on thin patients
  • Not as precise as other landmarks of the pelvis, but is generally about the same level as the superior boarder of the symphysis.
  • A secondary landmark for abdominal positioning.
A

Greater trochanter

40
Q

What region or compartment is the pancreas located in?

A

Retroperitoneal

41
Q

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is termed:

A

Ascites

42
Q

The left lateral decubitus is preferred over the right lateral decubitus for an acute abdominal series. Why?

A

To enable rising free air to be seen through the homogeneous background density of the liver instead of becoming superimposed with air in the stomach

43
Q

What images are done for an Acute Abdomen Series?

A

AP supine abdomen, AP erect abdomen, PA erect chest *Decubitus positions: Lateral decubitus and Dorsal Decubitus

44
Q

How should you prepare your patient for an abdominal x-ray?

A 
All clothing removed
Opaque objects removed
Hospital gown worn
Cover patient for warmth and modesty
Verify pregnancy status
45
Q

Where would you place gonadal shielding for a male patients?

A

Shield at the upper edge of symphysis pubis

46
Q

When would you shield a female patient?

A

Use and Ovarian shield only if it does not obscure essential anatomy. If shielding is deemed appropriate to use the top of an ovarian shield would be at or slightly above the level of ASIS (and the lower border should be a the symphysis pubis)

47
Q

What does KUB stand for?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder

48
Q

What exposure factors are generally required for abdominal radiographs?

A
  1. Medium kV (70-80)
  2. Shore exposure time
  3. Adequate mAs for sufficient brightness
49
Q

What are the breathing instructions for an most abdomen studies?

A

Deep breath in, let it out and hold it- don’t breathe

50
Q

Why are expiration images preferred over inspiration images?

A

The diaphragm is elevated upon expiration. It allows for better visualization of abdominal structures.

51
Q

What markers should be used and where should they be placed?

A

Either right or left marker is acceptable to be used. The anatomic side marker must correspond with the patient’s left or right side of the body. “Upside” markers should be used for erect and decubitus projections. Markers should be visible without superimposing abdominal structures. Markers should be placed prior to exposure being made. Electronic markers are not acceptable.

52
Q

Why would a scout image be taken?

A

Check for residual contrast medium

53
Q

What is the minimum SID for an AP abdomen?

A

40”

54
Q

How would a patient be positioned for a KUB

A

Supine with MSP centered to midline of table or IR
Arms placed at patients side, away for body
Legs extended and knee support if comfortable for pt

55
Q

Where is the part positioned for a KUB

A

Center of IR to the level of iliac crests, with bottom margin at symphysis pubis
**No rotation of pelvis or shoulders (check that both ASIS are the same distance from the table top.)

56
Q

Where should the CR be for a KUB

A

CR perpendicular to a nd directed to the center of IR (to level of iliac crest)

Abdominal Chapter 2 (2 decks)

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