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Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the orbit

A

the various bones surrounding the eyeball

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2
Q

list the external bones of the orbit

A

frontal
zygomatic
maxilla

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3
Q

list the internal bones of the orbit

A

sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal

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4
Q

what structure is the roof of the orbit

A

sphenoid bone

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5
Q

what bones form the floor of the orbit

A

maxilla
zygomatic
palatine

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6
Q

what bones form the medial wall of the orbit

A

maxilla
sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal

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7
Q

what bones form the lateral wall of the orbit

A

zygomatic

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8
Q

what structures are contained in the orbit

A 
eyeballs
eyelids
extra-ocular muscles 
blood vessels 
nerves
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9
Q

what are the three holes that structures can enter and exit the orbit

A

optic canal
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure

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10
Q

what structures pass through the optic canal

A

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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11
Q

what structures pass through the superior orbital fissure

A

lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor and abducen nerve

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12
Q

what structures pass through the inferior orbital fissure

A

inferior ophthalmic nerve
zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve
sympathetic nerve

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13
Q

describe a blowout fracture

A

direct blunt force trauma to the orbit causing partial herniation of the orbital content through one of its walls

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye

A

outer/fibrous layer
vascular layer
inner layer

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15
Q

what are the two components that make up the fibrous layer of the eye

A

cornea

sclera

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16
Q

where is the cornea located

A

centrally in the eye over iris and pupil

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17
Q

what is the function of the cornea

A

2/3 of refractive power

outermost lens of the eye

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18
Q

where is the sclera located

A

around the periphery of the eye/white region

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19
Q

what is the function of the sclera

A

muscle attachment point of extra-ocular muscles

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20
Q

what is the vascular layer of the eye also known as

A

uvea

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21
Q

what are the three structures within the uvea

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

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22
Q

what is the function of the iris

A

controls the diameter of the pupil by smooth muscle fibres innervated by autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

what is the function of the ciliary body

A

the ciliary body controls the shape of the lens by contraction of the ciliary muscles
also contributes to formation of aqueous humour

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24
Q

what is the function of the choroid

A

collection of connective tissue and blood vessels providing nutrients to the retina

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25
Q

what is the inner layer of the eye formed by

A

the retina - light detecting component

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26
Q

what are the two segments of the eye called

A

anterior and posterior segment

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27
Q

where is the anterior segment located

A

in front of the lens of the eye

this is divided into anterior and posterior chambers

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28
Q

where is the posterior segment located

A

behind the lens of the eye

contains vitreous body made up of vitreous humour

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29
Q

what is the main blood supply to the eye

A

ophthalmic artery

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30
Q

which artery is the ophthalmic artery derived from

A

internal carotid artery

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31
Q

describe the venous drainage of the eye

A

mainly the superior and inferior ophthalmic vein

the orbit drains anteriorly to the facial vein

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32
Q

what is the centre of the retina called

A

macula

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33
Q

the macula has the greatest density of what cells

A

cones

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34
Q

what is the centre of the macula called

A

fovea - this is the area of most acute vision

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35
Q

list the extraocular muscles

A 
levator palpebrae superioris 
lateral rectus
medial rectus 
inferior oblique
superior oblique 
inferior rectus
superior rectus
36
Q

which muscle is involved in raising the superior eyelid

A

levator palpebrae superioris

37
Q

where does LPS attach

A

lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

38
Q

which nerve innervates LPS

A

oculomotor nerve CN III

39
Q

the rectus muscle have a direct or angular approach to the eye

A

direct

40
Q

what is the action of superior rectus

A

when abducted can only elevate

41
Q

what nerve innervates the superior rectus muscle

A

CN III

42
Q

what is the action of inferior rectus

A

when adducted can only depress

43
Q

which nerve innervates the inferior rectus muscle

A

CN III

44
Q

what is the action of the medial rectus

A

adduction only

45
Q

what nerve innervates the medial rectus

A

CN III

46
Q

what is the action of the lateral rectus

A

abduction only

47
Q

what nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle

A

CN VI

48
Q

where do the oblique muscles attach

A

posterior surface of the sclera

49
Q

what is the action of the superior oblique

A

when adducted can only depress

50
Q

what nerve innervates the superior oblique

A

CN IV

51
Q

what is the action of the inferior oblique

A

when adducted can only elevate

52
Q

what nerve innervates the inferior oblique

A

CN III

53
Q

how would an oculomotor nerve lesion present

A

the affected eye positioned in a down and out way as the only functioning muscles are LR and SO

54
Q

how would a trochlear nerve lesion present

A

no obvious difference in orientation of the eyeball
however patient will complain of double vision when walking down the stairs and will compensate by tilting head to one side

55
Q

how would an abducens nerve lesion present

A

the resting eye will be adducted because the lateral rectus is not longer working

56
Q

what causes Horners Syndrome to arise

A

damage to the sympathetic trunk

57
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of Horners Syndrome

A

partial ptosis - drooping of eyelid due to innervation of superior tarsal muscle
miosis - pupillary constriction
anhidrosis - absence of sweating on ipsilateral side due to denervation of sweat glands

58
Q

what disease cause Horner’s syndrome to arise

A

Pancoast tumour
aortic aneurysm
thyroid carcinoma

59
Q

which muscle controls the closing of the eyelids and the lacrimal duct

A

orbicularis oculi

60
Q

describe the three parts of the orbicularis oculi and their functions

A

palpebral - gently closes the eyelids
orbital - tightly closes the eyelids
lacrimal - involved in drainage of tears

61
Q

which cranial nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi

A

CN VII facial nerve

62
Q

the orbicularis oculi is the most superficial or deep part of the eyelid

A

superficial

63
Q

which cranial nerve innervates the lacrimal gland

A

CN VII

64
Q

where is the lacrimal gland located

A

superolateral aspect of the eye in a fossa within the frontal bone

65
Q

after the optic chiasm, vision from the temporal or nasal side stays at the same side

A

temporal stays the same, the nasal vision crosses over at the optic chiasm

66
Q

when vision is observed through the eyes, list the structures it passes through to get to the brain

A

optic nerve
optic chiasm, cross over
optic tracts
optic radiation

67
Q

where is the optic radiation located

A

in the visual cortex within the occipital lobe

68
Q

light from the right visual cortex is processed in the right/left primary cortex

A

left

69
Q

light from the lower visual field is processed in the upper/lower primary cortex

A

upper

70
Q

which cranial nerve supplies sensory innervation to the face

A

CN V

71
Q

which parts of the face does CN V1 supply

A

upper eyelid
cornea
conjunctiva

72
Q

which part of the face does CN V2 supply

A

skin of lower eyelid

skin over maxilla

73
Q

which part of the face does CN V3 supply

A

skin over mandible

TMJ

74
Q

which cranial nerve carries the sensory (afferent) limb of the blinking reflex

A

CN V1

75
Q

which cranial nerve carries the motor (efferent) limb of the blinking reflex

A

CN VII to the orbicularis oculi

76
Q

sympathetic is fight and flight or rest and digest

A

fight or flight

77
Q

sympathetic innervation is responsible for what changes in the eye

A

open eyes wider to get more light in

emotional lacrimation

78
Q

parasympathetic innervation is responsible for what changes in the eye

A

less light in to protect the retina - focus on nearby objects
parasympathetics constrict the pupil in bright light

79
Q

state the cranial nerves involves in the sensory and motor limb of the pupillary light reflex

A

sensory - CN II ipsilateral

motor - CN III bilateral

80
Q

state the nucleus of the brain involved in the pupillary light reflex

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

81
Q

in the lens accommodation reflex the ciliary muscles __ the ligament ___ and the lens ___

A

relax
tighten
flattens - enables the object in the distance to be seen

82
Q

in the lens accommodation reflex the ciliary muscles ___ the ligament __ and the lens ___

A

contract
relax
becomes more spherical to see near object

83
Q

what type of vision do cones produce

A

coloured vision

84
Q

what type of vision do rods produce

A

black/dim vision

85
Q

which muscle of the eye is most likely to be damaged after a blowout fracture

A

inferior rectus

Ophthalmology (11 decks)

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