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DENA 120 Final Exam > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

anterior vs posterior

A

front vs back

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2
Q

what is the use for a size 3 bitewing film? is it ideal or not and why?

A

not ideal → harder to get open contacts due to the curve in the jaw, cannot angulate for both molars AND premolars

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3
Q

what is the primary benefit of DIGITAL imaging?

A

allows for instant and easy transmission of images and electronic storage

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4
Q

What are photons?

A

bundles of energy with no mass or weight which travel at the speed of light and move
through space in a straight line

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5
Q

What is the Periodontium made up of?

A

cementum, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligaments

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6
Q

superficial vs deep

A

close to surface vs the core

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7
Q

what is focused on in the “wave concept” of chemistry?

A

focuses on the properties of velocity, wavelength, and frequency

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8
Q

list the 3 primary types of atoms and their charges:

A

protons: positive
electrons: negative
neutrons: no charge/neutral

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9
Q

what size is used for occlusal radiographs?

A

size 4

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10
Q

What is considered an ideal/healthy depth of sulcus?

A

1-3mm in depth

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11
Q

what is a suture?

A

jagged line where bones join, immovable joint

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12
Q

Anterior PAs go in ____________, Posterior PAs go in _______________ (horizontal or vertical)

A

Anterior PAs go in vertically, Posterior PAs go in horizontally

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13
Q

what is the name of the energy shell is located the closest to the nucleus and has the highest energy level?

A

K shell

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14
Q

define velocity, frequency and wavelength:

A
  • velocity: speed of the wave
  • frequency: number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
  • wavelength: distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next
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15
Q

What is embryology?

A

the study of prenatal development

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16
Q

10 body systems

A

nervous, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, excretory, circulatory, integumentary

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17
Q

what are the properties of x-rays?

A

weightless bundles of energy (photons) without an electrical charge that travel in waves with a specific frequency at the speed of light

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18
Q

define centrifugal force

A

the inertia of a body that tends to move it away from the center around which it revolves (electrons separated from the nucleus)

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19
Q

which 3 factors influence film speed?

A
  • The size of silver halide crystals
  • The thickness of the emulsion
  • The presence of special radiosensitive dyes
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20
Q

What is odontogenesis?

A

the study of tooth development/formation

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21
Q

why is a faster film ideal?

A

requires less radiation exposure

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22
Q

define electrostatic force

A

the attraction of opposite charges to each other (positive to negative)

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23
Q

what are the 3 components of an x-ray machine?

A

control panel, extension arm, tube head

24
Q

which two systems are included within the cardiovascular system?

A

lymphatic and immune

25
Q

List the 3 stages of prenatal development & the time frames in which they occur

A

1) pre-implantation (wk 1)
2) embryonic period (wk 2-8)
3) fetal period (wk 9-term)

26
Q

what is the range of film speed? which is the fastest?

A

Speed ranges from A (slowest) to F (fastest)

27
Q

which two types of force work together to keep electrons in orbit around the nucleus?

A

electrostatic force and centrifugal force

28
Q

What is the integumentary system? what is its role?

A
  • consists of skin, mucous membranes, hair & nails

- barrier to pathogens & helps regulate body temperature

29
Q

what are the 4 types of body tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

30
Q

define penumbra

A

movement causing a blurred image

31
Q

define electromagnetic radiation

A

a form of energy (photons –> small particles/packets of light) which exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

32
Q

what occurs during the embryonic period?

A

cells proliferate (↑ #s), differentiate (specialize), and integrate (form body structures/systems)

33
Q

Faster film: ________ sharp image, ________ crystal sizes

A

FAST film —> LESS sharp image, LARGE crystal sizes

34
Q

electromagnetic radiation can be natural or man-made. give an example of each

A

Natural: cosmic or gamma rays

Man-made: x-rays

35
Q

what are the 3 layers of bone?

A

periosteum, compact/cortical, spongey/cancellous

36
Q

Slower film: ________ sharp image, ________ crystal size

A

SLOW film —> MORE sharp image, SMALL crystal size

37
Q

define ionization

A

the formation of an ion –> occurs when an atom’s charge is altered (becomes more positive or more negative)

38
Q

how many bones does the average adult have?

A

206

39
Q

What are the optimum temperature & relative humidity?

A

Optimum temperature: 20°C

Optimum relative humidity: 30-50%

40
Q

what are the two categories of bones and how many are in each?

A

axial (80) and appendicular (126)

41
Q

What are the 3 key stages of tooth formation?

A

bud (initiation) ⇒ cap (proliferation)⇒ bell (histodifferentiation/morphodifferentiation)

42
Q

Radiolucent

A

soft structures/airspace, show as dark/black on rads

43
Q

what is a positively charged ion called? what about a negatively charged ion?

A 
positive = CATION
negative = ANION
44
Q

what are cells?

A

basic building blocks of life, simplest unit

45
Q

Which 2 embryonic layers are associated with forming portions of the teeth, and what does each one form?

A
  • ectoderm: forms enamel

- mesoderm: forms dentin, pulp, and cementum

46
Q

what are tissues?

A

made up of millions of cells, perform a specialized function for the body

47
Q

Radiopaque

A

dense structures, show as white on rads

48
Q

what are the 3 properties of a wave?

A

1) Velocity: The speed of the wave
2) Wavelength: The distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next
3) Frequency: The number of wavelengths that pass a certain point in a given length of time

49
Q

What is the difference between Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts?

A 
osteoBlasts = BUILD bone structure
osteoClasts = CLASH, respiration of existing bone
50
Q

3 necessities for a DIAGNOSTIC radiograph?

A
  • proper density and contrast
  • sharp outlines
  • same shape and size as the object radiographed
51
Q

what are organs?

A

two+ kinds of tissue together performing special body functions

52
Q

What is formed by odontoblasts?

A

dentin

53
Q

which 4 factors influence density?

A
  • kilovoltage
  • milliamperage
  • exposure time
  • subject thickness
54
Q

define x-radiation

A

high-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation

55
Q

how many of the tissue types are included within each organ?

A

all 4: nerve, muscle, connective and epithelial

56
Q

What is formed by ameloblasts?

A

enamel

57
Q

name & define the 2 aspects of overall contrast

A

1) Film contrast - inherent qualities of the film and film processing
2) Subject contrast - characteristics of the subject which influence radiographic contrast

DENA 120 Final Exam (2 decks)

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