anatomy Flashcards
anterior vs posterior
front vs back
what is the use for a size 3 bitewing film? is it ideal or not and why?
not ideal → harder to get open contacts due to the curve in the jaw, cannot angulate for both molars AND premolars
what is the primary benefit of DIGITAL imaging?
allows for instant and easy transmission of images and electronic storage
What are photons?
bundles of energy with no mass or weight which travel at the speed of light and move
through space in a straight line
What is the Periodontium made up of?
cementum, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligaments
superficial vs deep
close to surface vs the core
what is focused on in the “wave concept” of chemistry?
focuses on the properties of velocity, wavelength, and frequency
list the 3 primary types of atoms and their charges:
protons: positive
electrons: negative
neutrons: no charge/neutral
what size is used for occlusal radiographs?
size 4
What is considered an ideal/healthy depth of sulcus?
1-3mm in depth
what is a suture?
jagged line where bones join, immovable joint
Anterior PAs go in ____________, Posterior PAs go in _______________ (horizontal or vertical)
Anterior PAs go in vertically, Posterior PAs go in horizontally
what is the name of the energy shell is located the closest to the nucleus and has the highest energy level?
K shell
define velocity, frequency and wavelength:
- velocity: speed of the wave
- frequency: number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
- wavelength: distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next
What is embryology?
the study of prenatal development
10 body systems
nervous, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, excretory, circulatory, integumentary
what are the properties of x-rays?
weightless bundles of energy (photons) without an electrical charge that travel in waves with a specific frequency at the speed of light
define centrifugal force
the inertia of a body that tends to move it away from the center around which it revolves (electrons separated from the nucleus)
which 3 factors influence film speed?
- The size of silver halide crystals
- The thickness of the emulsion
- The presence of special radiosensitive dyes
What is odontogenesis?
the study of tooth development/formation
why is a faster film ideal?
requires less radiation exposure
define electrostatic force
the attraction of opposite charges to each other (positive to negative)
what are the 3 components of an x-ray machine?
control panel, extension arm, tube head
which two systems are included within the cardiovascular system?
lymphatic and immune
List the 3 stages of prenatal development & the time frames in which they occur
1) pre-implantation (wk 1)
2) embryonic period (wk 2-8)
3) fetal period (wk 9-term)
what is the range of film speed? which is the fastest?
Speed ranges from A (slowest) to F (fastest)
which two types of force work together to keep electrons in orbit around the nucleus?
electrostatic force and centrifugal force
What is the integumentary system? what is its role?
- consists of skin, mucous membranes, hair & nails
- barrier to pathogens & helps regulate body temperature
what are the 4 types of body tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
define penumbra
movement causing a blurred image
define electromagnetic radiation
a form of energy (photons –> small particles/packets of light) which exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
what occurs during the embryonic period?
cells proliferate (↑ #s), differentiate (specialize), and integrate (form body structures/systems)
Faster film: ________ sharp image, ________ crystal sizes
FAST film —> LESS sharp image, LARGE crystal sizes
electromagnetic radiation can be natural or man-made. give an example of each
Natural: cosmic or gamma rays
Man-made: x-rays
what are the 3 layers of bone?
periosteum, compact/cortical, spongey/cancellous
Slower film: ________ sharp image, ________ crystal size
SLOW film —> MORE sharp image, SMALL crystal size
define ionization
the formation of an ion –> occurs when an atom’s charge is altered (becomes more positive or more negative)
how many bones does the average adult have?
206
What are the optimum temperature & relative humidity?
Optimum temperature: 20°C
Optimum relative humidity: 30-50%
what are the two categories of bones and how many are in each?
axial (80) and appendicular (126)
What are the 3 key stages of tooth formation?
bud (initiation) ⇒ cap (proliferation)⇒ bell (histodifferentiation/morphodifferentiation)
Radiolucent
soft structures/airspace, show as dark/black on rads
what is a positively charged ion called? what about a negatively charged ion?
positive = CATION negative = ANION
what are cells?
basic building blocks of life, simplest unit
Which 2 embryonic layers are associated with forming portions of the teeth, and what does each one form?
- ectoderm: forms enamel
- mesoderm: forms dentin, pulp, and cementum
what are tissues?
made up of millions of cells, perform a specialized function for the body
Radiopaque
dense structures, show as white on rads
what are the 3 properties of a wave?
1) Velocity: The speed of the wave
2) Wavelength: The distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next
3) Frequency: The number of wavelengths that pass a certain point in a given length of time
What is the difference between Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts?
osteoBlasts = BUILD bone structure osteoClasts = CLASH, respiration of existing bone
3 necessities for a DIAGNOSTIC radiograph?
- proper density and contrast
- sharp outlines
- same shape and size as the object radiographed
what are organs?
two+ kinds of tissue together performing special body functions
What is formed by odontoblasts?
dentin
which 4 factors influence density?
- kilovoltage
- milliamperage
- exposure time
- subject thickness
define x-radiation
high-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation
how many of the tissue types are included within each organ?
all 4: nerve, muscle, connective and epithelial
What is formed by ameloblasts?
enamel
name & define the 2 aspects of overall contrast
1) Film contrast - inherent qualities of the film and film processing
2) Subject contrast - characteristics of the subject which influence radiographic contrast
