anatomy Flashcards
curve of spee
Curvature formed by the maxillary and mandibular arches in occlusion (like a smile)
embrasure
Triangular space in a gingival direction between the proximal surfaces of two adjoining teeth
can tissue damage re-grow itself in the mouth?
no
height of contour
the widest part of the tooth (“hips”)
occlusion
the meeting of the maxillary and mandibular arches, biting down
centric occlusion
the jaws are closed in a position that produces maximum contact between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth (class 1 occlusion)
class 1 occlusion is considered to be:
normal, and ideal occlusion. can be called neutroclusion or centric occlusion
class 2 occlusion is considered to be:
distocclusion, maxillary arch is slightly further ahead of the mandibular arch
class 3 occlusion is considered to be:
mesiocclusion, mandibular arch sticks out further than the maxillary arch
Overjet and Overbite
overjet (div. 1): excessive protrusion of the maxillary incisors
overbite (div. 2): increased vertical overlap of maxillary incisors
Overjet and overbite generally fall under which class of occlusion/malocclusion?
Class 2
how is overjet measured?
with a probe (also used for sulcus), and measured in millimeters
how is overbite measured?
in degrees: <50% - moderate, >50% severe
malocclusion
any deviation in the relationship between the maxillary and mandibular teeth
angle’s classifications of malocclusion
system developed to describe & classify occlusion and malocclusion
class 2 occlusion can also be called
distoclusion
class 3 occlusion can also be called
mesioclusion
torsoversion
turning of a tooth on its long axis out of normal position
mesioversion
mesial position of tooth from normal
distoversion
distal position of tooth from normal
linguoversion
lingual position of tooth from normal
labioversion/buccoversion
tooth is displaced toward lip or cheek
supraversion
tooth extended out from socket
infraversion
tooth pushed into socket
transversion
tooth erupted into another’s spot
anterior cross-bite
One or more of the upper anterior teeth close inside the lower anterior teeth when teeth are occluded
posterior cross-bite
One or more of the upper posterior teeth close inside the lower posterior teeth when teeth are occluded
edge to edge bite
Incisal surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth meet the incisal surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth (malocclusion!!)
end to end bite
molars and premolars occlude cusp to cusp rather than cusp to fossa
open bite
anterior teeth do not occlude
attrition
natural wearing down of teeth
Who is credited with first discovering x-rays?
Wilhelm Roentgen
does kilovoltage refer to quantity or quality?
quality
How many weeks does it take for an embryo to develop all of their primary teeth?
17 weeks (~4 months)
what are the 3 key components to positioning an x-ray receptor when taking a bitewing?
1) vertical angulation (+10 always!!)
2) horizontal angulation (positioned between the 4&5 or 6&7)
3) centre receptor (line on receptor should be in line w/ the occlusal plane)
does milliamperage refer to quantity or quality?
quantity
define radiology and explain its purpose in relation to dentistry:
study of radiation as used in medical sciences → used for diagnosis/treatment of disease
What are atoms?
basic unit of matter
Which primary tooth is the first to erupt?
the central incisors (max. or mand. though generally mand.)
Which permanent tooth is the first to erupt?
1st molar or central incisors
how does an increase of kVp effect contrast?
high kVp = low contrast
dental radiographer
any person who positions, exposes, and processes x-ray film
what is matter?
anything that takes up space and has a mass
When does the stomodeum form?
week 4
What 3 things must be present for a cavity to occur?
1) fermentable carbs
2) susceptible tooth
3) bacteria (mutans streptococci/lactobacillus)
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
what are the four basic components of film?
1) Film base
2) Adhesive layer
3) Film emulsion
4) Protective layer
give 3 examples of things that can be determined by taking & reviewing a pt.’s radiographs?
- Detect lesions
- Confirm/classify suspected disease
- Localize lesions or foreign objects
- Provide information during dental procedures
- Evaluate growth and development
- Illustrate changes to caries, periodontal disease, trauma
- Document the condition of a patient
- Aid in the development of a clinical treatment plan
- Forensic identification/evidence
a) what are electrons?
b) what are neutrons?
c) what are protons?
all atomic particles !!!
a) negative charge
b) neutral
c) positive charge
Which two bacteria are associated with caries?
mutans streptococci and lactobacillus
which type of film has only one sided emulsion?
Duplicating film
what is looked for in bitewing radiographs?
used to determine bone levels and identify interproximal caries
midsagittal plane
equal division into left and right
an atom is composed of which two parts?
a nucleus and orbiting electrons (orbit)
What minerals are lost during the process of demineralization?
calcium and phosphorus
which type of film has double sided emulsion?
regular film
when would a vertical bitewing be preferable to a horizontal bitewing?
when the pt. has excessive bone loss (vertical allows for more of the bone/tooth’s roots to be visible)
what is a molecule?
2+ atoms held together by a chemical bond
frontal/coronal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior
What minerals are added to the tooth during the process of re-mineralization?
calcium, phosphorus and fluoride
axial/transverse plane
divides body into superior and inferior
electrostatic force
the forces acting between two charged objects (maintains electrons in their orbit)
what is looked for in periapical radiographs?
the apex of a tooth and the surrounding bone
define duplicating film
“film” which is run through a “duplicator” → duplicates an x-ray image
What are incipient caries?
caries which have begun to form/may occur
Ionizing radiation
Radiation that is capable of
producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom (positively or negatively charged atom)
what is the difference between screen film and non-screen film?
screen film is more more sensitive → less radiation needed
what makes up the axial portion of body?
head, neck and trunk (spinal cord)
what is looked for in panoramic radiographs?
used to see the overall view of the oral cavity, includes both max. and mand. arches
What are overt/frank caries?
holes which form in the tooth structure from incipient caries
What is the term for a positively charged atom? what about a negatively charged atom?
cation (+ve) anion (-ve)
define film emulsion
a homogenous coating with a mixture of gelatin
and silver halide crystals attached to both sides
of the film base
what makes up the appendicular portion of the body?
arms and legs
when and why are FMS/FMX radiographs taken? how many are generally taken?
- generally taken every 5yrs.
- approx. 18 films, includes bitewings (H&V) and periapical for the full dentition
- used to examine all the teeth & surrounding structures
What are rampant caries?
multiple lesions in the mouth, extreme caries
atoms can exist in which two states?
electrically unbalanced or neutral
ventral vs dorsal
front vs back
what is looked for in occlusal radiographs?
large areas of the max. or mand. in one film —> can detect eruption patterns, supernumerary teeth, retained roots, salivary stones, or foreign objects
define latent image
the invisible pattern of energy stored by silver halide crystals
What can cause rampant caries?
poor oral hygiene, baby bottle syndrome, bulimia etc.
what is looked for in cephalometric radiographs? which speciality generally uses these?
taken for orthodontics, provides a view of the full skull/head and neck
Particulate radiation
tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight line
mesial
towards midline
what roles do developer and fixer play in the processing of film?
- Developer: softens the emulsion
- Fixer: hardens the emulsion to avoid damage
What are recurrent caries?
caries which appear under an older restoration
lateral
away from midline (right or left)
what are PAs used for?
used to examine the entire tooth and supporting bone, includes the apex & 2-3mm deeper
Electromagnetic radiation
propagation of wavelike energy, without mass
TMJ radiographs are taken to:
further examine a pt.’s TMJ area
What is xerostomia?
dry mouth syndrome
periapical sizing:
0 - children
1 - anterior adult teeth
2 - standard or posterior adult
What are the 4 types of particulate radiation?
- Alpha particles
- Electrons (emitted as Beta particles or Cathode rays
- Protons
- Neutrons
what is the primary benefit of taking radiographs? do the benefits outweigh the risks?
- taken to identify conditions that may otherwise go undetected, and to see conditions that cannot be identified clinically.
- BENEFITS OUTWEIGH RISKS !!!
proximal
close to a point of attachment
List 4 types of soft deposits?
- food debris
- acquired pellicle
- biofilm (plaque)
- materia alba
explain the difference between cathode rays and beta particles in reference to electrons
- Beta particles:
fast moving
electrons emitted from the nucleus or radioactive atoms - Cathode rays:
streams of high
speed electrons that originate in an x-ray tube
what are some of the skills/requirements of a CDA in relation to dental radiography?
- Basic understanding of radiation history
- Working knowledge of radiation physics, characteristics, biology and protection
- Familiar with dental x-ray equipment, film, image characteristics, processing, and quality assurance (ALARA - as low as reasonably achievable)
- Patient management basics
- Technique concepts and technical skills
bitewings sizing:
0 - children
2 - standard adult
3 - also used for adult’s posterior bitewings
distal
away from a point of attachment
What is the most common hard deposit found in the mouth?
calculus (tartar)
