Anatomy Flashcards
List the types of bones found in the body and an example of each
Long bones, e.g. humerus;
Short bones, e.g. carpals and tarsals;
Flat bones, e.g. scapula, some skull bones;
Irregular bones, e.g. vertebrae, some skull bones; Sesamoid bones, e.g. patella, fabellae.
What is the difference between compact and spongy bone and where are they found?
Compact bone - dense, outer region of diaphysis of long bone.
Spongy bone - 3D lattice formed by bony trabeculae INSIDE the outer compact bone, spaces created by trabeculae are filled with marrow.
What is the perichondrium of hyaline cartilage and why does it need it?
Perichondrium is vascular connective tissue, hyaline cartilage needs this for the provision of nutrients and oxygen to the chondrocytes, as hyaline cartilage has no blood capillaries.
What is a moveable joint?
A synovial join
What part of the bone moves with another bone in a synovial joint?
The articular surface
What is articular cartilage?
It is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface of a bone. It is anti-concussive.
What’s the difference between articular cartilage and hyaline cartilage found elsewhere?
There is no perichondrium connected to articular cartilage, because this would reduce the effectiveness of its anti-concussive properties.
What is synovial fluid and what function does it serve?
It is the fluid within synovial joints. It originates from blood capillaries in the synovial membrane of the synovial joint. It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage via diffusion.
How many centres of ossification does a long vs short bone arise from?
Three vs One
The long bone has one ___ and distal and proximal _____ and ____
One diaphysis, one distal epiphysis and metaphysis, one proximal epiphysis and metaphysis
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Growth plate found in immature bone
Are there any long bones in the skull?
No
Are there any long bones in the digits?
Yes, the proximal, middle and distal phalanges
What is the marrow cavity?
The medullary cavity. The site of red and granular white blood cells during development (red marrow), later the site of fat (yellow marrow).
How are short bones arranged and why?
In rows, to allow for side-to-side movement on each other, spreading out concussion travelling up the limb, and allow for other more complex movements.
What are the functions of flat bones?
To protect underlying soft tissues and to offer area for muscle attachment.
Why is it important that the vertebrae are irregular bones?
Their many projections and processes allow for the attachment of tendons and ligaments. Spinal canal is in the centre.
Thoracic vertebrae form what sort of joints with the proximal aspect of the ribs?
Synovial joints
What type of bones are associated with the canine knee/stifle joint? Name them.
Between the femur and tibia there is a synovial hinge joint. Facilitating the tendons here are Sesamoid bones. A patella at the front and three fabellae behind.
With regard to radiographs, what is important to remember about the abductor pollicis longus muscle?
There is a sesamoid bone in the tendon here, located on the medial aspect of the carpal joint, which should not be confused with a bone fragment on x-ray.
Distinguish between palmar vs plantar.
Palmar would be in humans, the palm aspect, and plantar is in quadrupeds - the part of the limb planted on the ground.
What do the human hand and canine paw have in common WRT anatomy?
They have the same number of phalanges, 3 in each of the main four fingers + 2 in the thumb (14 total).
Does the human hand have more or less sesamoid bones than the dog paw? Why?
Less. Dogs/cats etc. walk on their forelimbs, unlike us, so they need to be able to better disperse concussion.
Which of these is not a component of the axial skeleton: ribs, skull, sternum, thoracic limbs, vertebral column.
Thoracic limbs
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
The bony appendages hanging from the axial skeleton, i.e. the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
