anatomy

Question 1

What is dorsiflexion ?

Answer 1

Movement of the foot upwards towards the lower leg.

Question 2

What are the three types of muscle activity ?

Answer 2

concentric = contracting muscle in a shortening position.
Eccentric = contracting muscle in a lengthening position.
Isometric= contracting muscle with no joint movement (static position)

Question 3

What are the antagonists of these muscles?
Biceps, Hamstring, Gluteal, Gastrocnemius and pectorals.

Answer 3

1. Triceps 2. Quadriceps 3. Hip flexors 4. Tibialis anterior and 5. latissimus dorsi

Question 4

what are the 3 different planes?

Answer 4

Sagittal = splits the body into left and right
Transverse= upper and lower limbs
Frontal = posterior and anterior
Sagittal = forwards and backwards movements
Frontal = side to side movements
Transverse = twisting

Question 5

What are the sub systems of stance phase of gait?

Answer 5

Intial contact, load response, mid stance and pre swing.

Question 6

What are spatial gait parameters ?

Answer 6

step length, stride length, step width and foot angle.

Question 7

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 7

Plantar flexion is movement of the foot downwards away from the lower leg. You use plantar flexion whenever you stand on the tip toes or point your toes.

Question 8

what joint allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion to occur at the ankle?

Answer 8

The talocrural joint is formed from the tibia and fibula of the lower leg and the talus of the foot. Functionally it acts as a hinge allowing dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Question 9

What joint allows inversion and eversion to happen at the ankle?

Answer 9

The subtalar joint formed between the talus and the calcaneus bones of the foot.

Question 10

Define inversion?

Answer 10

tilting of the sole of the foot inwards towards the midline.

Question 11

Define eversion?

Answer 11

Tilting the the sole of the foot away from the midline

Question 12

Define locomotion?

Answer 12

Locomotion is the various movements of animals to propel themselves from one place to another. In multicellular animals, these movements include walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, swimming, flying, galloping, slithering, and so on.

Question 13

What are the anterior lower leg muscles that dorsiflex and invert the ankle foot?

Answer 13

-tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
-extensor hallucis longus

Question 14

What are the posterior that plantar flex the foot?

Answer 14

-Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, Soleus are the superficial muscles and the tibialis posterior.

Question 15

define proprioception?

Answer 15

awareness of the position and movement of the body

Question 16

define what plantigrade is?

Answer 16

walking on the soles of the feet.

Question 17

what is the definition of low tone?

Answer 17

• Lack of activation of muscle seen in upper motor neuron damage.

Question 18

what is the definition of high tone

Answer 18

over activation of muscles causing a sustained muscle contraction

Question 19

define neuroplasticity?

Answer 19

the ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury.

Question 20

What is ataxia?

Answer 20

ataxia is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. Symptoms involve slurred speech , stumbling, falling and incoordination. theses symptoms are cause by damage to the cerebellum.

Question 21

What is informed consent to an exercise class?

Answer 21

Identifying the associated benefits and risks of the exercise in order to help the client make an informed decision to participate.

Question 22

What is screening?

Answer 22

Establishing an individual’s suitability to participate in an exercise programme.

By a questionnaire (PAR-Q)
Health commitment statement
Interview
observation
Physical measurements (e.g. height, weight and BMI)

Question 23

what considerations should you have when screening. ?

Answer 23

-suitability to participate
- Medical conditions
- Legal and professional responsibilities
- Confidentiality
- Data protection
- verbal re-screening

Question 24

What are the Ogrins, Insertion, action and nerve of the scalene?

Answer 24

Origin= anterior: transverse process C3-C6
middle= transverse is transverse process of C2-C7.
Posterior= transverse process C4-C7.

Insertion= anterior= first rib and posterior = upper surface of second rib .