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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is A1?

A

hepatogastric ligament

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2
Q

What are the primary retroperitoneal organs?

A

kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava, bladder, prostate, vagina, rectum

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3
Q

What is D2?

A

splenophrenic ligament

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4
Q

What is S? T? U?

A

Ascending colon

Right colic flexure

Free edge of lesser omentum

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5
Q

What are major sites of abdominal hernias?

A

lumbar triangle (boundaries = iliac crest, external oblique, latissimus dorsi)

umbilicus

diaphragm

defmoral canal

inguinal triangle (boundaries = inguinal ligament, lateral margin rectus abdominis, inferior epigastric artery)

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6
Q

The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms, contributes to, or is otherwise related to all of the following EXCEPT the:

a) superficial inguinal ring
b) conjoint tendon
c) external spermatic fascia
d) sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle
e) inguinal ligament

A

b) conjoint tendon

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7
Q
A

b) duodenum

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8
Q
A

c) lesser sac

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9
Q

What is the lesser peritoneal sac?

A

a smaller peritoneal compartment located posterior to the stomach

formed by the dorsal mesentery of the stomach

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10
Q

What is a?

A

abdominal aorta

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11
Q

Which of the following organs is secondarily retroperitoneal?

a) duodenum
b) transverse colon
c) spleen
d) superior mesenteric artery
e) kidney

A

a) duodenum

transverse colon and spleen have mesenteries, superior mesenteric artery is in the midgut mesentery, and kidneys are primarily retroperitoneal

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12
Q

What is G-J?

A

g: greater curvature
h: body
i: pyloric antrum
j: duodenum

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13
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric

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14
Q

Which of the following muscles or structures does NOT contribute to a covering of the spermatic cord?

a) transversalis fascia
b) transversus abdominis muscle
c) internal oblique muscle
d) external oblique muscle

A

b) transversus abdominis muscle

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15
Q

What is 3?

A

h: right hepatic duct
i: left hepatic duct
j: liver, right lobe

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16
Q

What is the structure of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

formed from the aponeuroses of the three muscle layers

covers the entire muslce anteriorly, covers the muscle until the arcuate line (does not run inferior to the arcuate line)

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17
Q

What is 4?

A

in abdominal wall: external oblique

in scrotum/spermatic cord: external spermatic fascia

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18
Q

What are the longitudinal folds of the gastric mucosa of the interior stomach?

A

rugal folds/rugae

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19
Q

What is 1?

A

esophagus

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20
Q

What is J? K? L?

A

Lesser curvature

Phrenicocolic ligament

Greater curvature

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21
Q

What is the course of a direct inguinal hernia? It passes:

a) lateral to the deep inferior epigastric artery
b) through the deep inguinal ring
c) inside the persistent processus vaginalis
d) within the spermatic cord
e) under the conjoint tendon

A

e) under the conjoint tendon

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22
Q

What artery serves the transverse colon? ascending colon?

A

transverse: middle colic artery
ascending: right colic artery

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23
Q

What is the cremaster muscle? Function? Innervation?

A

a muscle that branches from the internal oblique that elevates the testisinnervation: genitofemoral

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24
Q

What is 10?

A

kidneys

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25
Q

What is 1?

A

a: anterior cecal artery
b: posterior cecal artery
c: ileal branch

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26
Q

What is A? B? C?

A

Liver

Ligamentum teres of liver

Falciform ligament of liver

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27
Q
A

d) inferior mesenteric

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28
Q

What is 7?

A

gall bladder

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29
Q

Describe the descent of the fetal testis.

A

descend through the deep body wall via inguinal canal to scrotum

descends along the gubernaculum behind the processus vaginalis

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30
Q

What is the somatopleure that derives from the lateral plate?

A

surface ectoderm with lateral mesodermal coating

forms the body wall (with the hypomere)

inner lining is the parietal peritoneum and pleura

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31
Q

What is 2?

A

stomach

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32
Q

What is H?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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33
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

a fibrous process that guides the descent of the testis through the inguinal canal

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34
Q
A

d) falciform ligament

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35
Q

What is 1?

A

a: fundus
b: body
c: infundibulum
d: neck

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36
Q

What is the location of the junction of the abdominal foregut and midgut?

a) esophagus-stomach junction
b) stomach-duodenum junction
c) middle of the duodenum
d) duodenum-jejunum junction
e) jejunum-ileum junction

A

c) middle of the duodenum

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37
Q

What is 2?

A

e: intestinal branches
f: arcades (loops)
g: vasa recta
h: superior mesenteric artery

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38
Q

What is M-P?

A

m: tenia coli
n: semilunar folds
o: epiploic appendices
p: sigmoid colon

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39
Q

What is the function of the rectus abdominis in trunk motion?

A

flexes the trunk

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40
Q

What is the greater peritoneal sac?

A

abdominopelvic cavity propery that forms the breakdown of midgut and hindgut ventral mesentery

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41
Q

What is G? H? I?

A

proper hepatic artery

cystic artery (supplies the gall bladder)

gallbladder

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42
Q

What is III?

A

g: left renal artery
h: aorta
i: right renal artery

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43
Q

What is D-F?

A

d: cardia
e: esophagus
f: fundus

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44
Q

What is 3?

A

1st half of duodenum

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45
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

a double layer of dorsal mesentery of the stomach, extends from greater curvature of the stomach and drapes inferiorly over the transverse colon and small intestines

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46
Q

What is a direct vs. indirect hernia?

A

direct = herniation straight through the layers of the abdominal wall (medial to the spermatic cord and inferior epigastric artery)

indirect = herniation straight through the inguinal canal (lateral to the inferior epigastric artery)

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47
Q

What is II?

A

d: intercostal arteries
e: common hepatic artery
f: splenic artery

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48
Q

Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:

||||

A

rectus abdominis

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49
Q

What is D3?

A

splenorenal ligament

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50
Q

What is 7?

A

r: common hepatic artery
s: common hepatic artery
t: splenic artery

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51
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

a parietal peritoneal extension into the scrotum that forms the tunica vaginalis testis (coelomic sac around each testis)

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52
Q

What is 5?

A

descending and sigmoid colon; rectum

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53
Q

What is I-L?

A

i: haustra
j: transverse mesocolon
k: left colic (splenic) flexure
l: descending colon

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54
Q

What is the function of the transversus abdominis in trunk motion?

A

nothing - they do not move the trunk

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55
Q

What is the splanchnopleure that derives from the lateral plate?

A

endoderm and layer of lateral plate mesoderm

forms the mesentaries, gut tube, and organs that develop from the gut tube

lined by visceral peritoneum

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56
Q

What is a gastroschisis?

A

a congenital organ herniation through a ventral body wall defect that occurs with incomplete folding of the gastrula

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57
Q

What is A-D?

A

a: superior mesenteric artery and vein
b: inferior mesenteric vein
c: superior mesenteric vein
d: splenic vein

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58
Q

The epiploic foramen is under the:

a) phrenicocolic ligament
b) coronary ligament
c) hepatoduodenal ligament
d) greater omentum
e) falciform ligament

A

c) hepatoduodenal ligament

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59
Q

What is M? N? O?

A

Transverse colon

Descending colon

Greater omentum

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60
Q

What is a hernia?

A

a protusion of some internal structure through the deep body wall at anatomically weak sites

ex. abdominal hernia is a sack of parietal peritoneum with something inside (intestines, omentum, etc.)

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61
Q

What is A1?

A

hepatogastric ligament

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62
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum? What forms can it take?

A

a yolk sac remnant off the distal ileum

can form a sinus, fistula, cyst, or fibrous cord

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63
Q

What is the arcuate line (of Douglas)?

A

abrupt termination of the posterior sheath around the rectus muscles

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64
Q

The ligamentum teres is a remnant of the:

a) right dorsal aorta
b) yolk sac stalk
c) falciform ligament
d) umbilical vein
e) liver bud

A

d) umbilical vein

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65
Q

What is 1?

A

in abdominal wall: skin

in scrotum/spermatic cord: skin

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66
Q

What are the major branches of the splenic artery? What do they supply?

A

short gastric –> body of the stomach

left gastr-epiploic –> left part of greater curvature of stomach

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67
Q

If a Meckel’s diverticulum, a remnant of the yolk sac stalk, becomes inflamed and needs to be removed, where would you look for it after surgical entry into the abdominal cavity?

a) middle of the duodenum
b) left colic flexure
c) right colic flexure
d) middle of the jejunum
e) terminal ileum

A

e) terminal ileum

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68
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

a peritoneal evagination that forms the coelomic tunica vaginalis testis

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69
Q

What is the typical function of the inguinal canal in females?

A

it containes the gubernaculum, which persists as the ovarian ligament and the ligamentum teres (round ligament of the uterus)

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70
Q

What is a?

A

abdominal aorta

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71
Q

What is 5?

A

p: left suprarenal gland
q: celiac trunk
r: splenic artery
s: common hepatic artery

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72
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

the midline joining of the left and right abdominal aponeuroses

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73
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

two sheets of visceral peritoneum with connective tissue and fat in between

they suspend and support the GI tract (and provide routes for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics)

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74
Q
A

b) area B

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75
Q

What are the abdominal foregut organs?

A

stomach

liver and gall bladder

pancreas

spleen (not derived from foregut tube, but supplied by foregut artery)

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76
Q

What is D1?

A

gastrosplenic ligament

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77
Q

What is 9?

A

spleen

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78
Q

Which abdominal muscles facilitate this motion:

bending to the left

A

left internal and external oblique

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79
Q

What is F?

A

dorsal mesocolon

80
Q

What is I?

A

a: gastroduodenal artery
b: hepatic artery proper
c: left and right hepatic arteries

81
Q

What dermatome innervates the area around the umbilicus?

A

T10 dermatome

82
Q
A

artery C

83
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

84
Q

What is P? Q? R?

A

Gastrocolic ligament

Pyloric sphincter

Duodenum

85
Q

What structures make up each part of the gut tube?

A

foregut - from terminal esophagus to first half of duodenum

midgut - second half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, most of transverse colon

hindgut - last part of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

86
Q

Which of the following muscles can rotate the trunk to the same side as the unilateral contracting muscle?

a) transversus abdominis
b) internal oblique
c) rectus abdominis
d) external oblique

A

b) internal oblique

87
Q

What is the deep vs. superficial inguinal ring?

A

deep = envagination of the transversalis fascia

superficial = opening in external oblique aponeurosis

the inguinal canal extends through both

88
Q

What is d?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

89
Q

What layer of the superficial body will is continuous with Colle’s fascia in the scrotum?

A

Scarpa’s fascia

90
Q

What is dartos smooth muscle?

A

a layer of muscle within the Camper’s fascia that corrugates the skin when testes are elevated

91
Q

What is the external spermatic fascia?

A

fascia from the external oblique aponeurosis

92
Q

What is 4?

A

2nd half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending and transverse colon

93
Q

What is D?

A

greater omentum (dorsal mesogastrum)

94
Q

What is Q-T?

A

q: rectum
r: sigmoid mesocolon
s: haustra
t: tenia coli

95
Q

Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:

= =

A

transversus abdominis

96
Q

What is A2?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

97
Q

What is A?

A

Parietal peritoneum

98
Q

What is B?

A

transverse mesocolon

99
Q

What is the internal spermatic fascia?

A

extension of the transversalis fascia that forms the first layer around the descending testis

100
Q

Which abdominal muscles facilitate this motion:

rotating trunk to the left

A

right external oblique

left internal oblique

101
Q

What is A-C?

A

a: pyloric canal
b: angular notch
c: lesser curvature

102
Q

What is E?

A

dorsal mesointestine

103
Q
A

a) haustra

104
Q

What is 2?

A

in abdominal wall: superficial fascia

in scrotum/spermatic cord: Dartos muscle

105
Q

If you were inside the lesser peritoneal sac or its entryway through the epiploic foramen, which of the following mesenteries would you be unable to touch?

a) splenorenal
b) phrenicocllic
c) hepatoduodenal
d) gastrosplenic
e) hepatogastric

A

b) phrenicocllic

  • all are mesenteries that are part of or continuous with the dorsal mesogastrium that makes up the walls of the lesser sac*
  • phrenicolic ligament is an adhesion of the left colic flexure to the diaphragm, which is outside and unrleated to the dorsal mesograstrium/lesser sac*
106
Q

What is B?

A

falciform ligament

107
Q

What embryonic structure forms the mesenteries, gut tube, and gut tube organs?

A

splanchnopleure

108
Q

What functions are shared by all of the abdominal muscles?

A

1) raise intra-abdominal pressure (for childbirth, vomiting, etc.)
2) depress the ribcage during expiration
3) stabilize the pelvis during locomotion

109
Q

What is the blood supply to the abdominal wall?

A

superior and deep inferior epigastric arteries

110
Q

What is 4?

A

k: inferior vena cava
l: hepatic veins
m: esophagus
n: abdominal aorta
o: spleen

111
Q

What is A-E?

A

a: sigmoid colon
b: superior rectal artery
c: sigmoid arteriole
d: left colic artery
e: inferior mesenteric artery

112
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

the thin potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, contains serous fluid

113
Q

What is 5?

A

in abdominal wall: internal oblique

in scrotum/spermatic cord: cremaster muscle

114
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

ligament where parietal peritoneum first becomes visceral peritoneum

connects anterior body wall to the liver

free edge is dense connective tissue

115
Q

What are the fibrous cords of the abdomen?

A

ligamentum teres (round ligament of liver)

ovarian ligament (gubernaculum remnant)

round ligament of uterus (gubernaculum remnant)

116
Q

What is 10?

A

kidneys

117
Q

What is the greater peritoneal sac?

A

the main portion of the abdominal cavity bounded by parietal peritoneum

most of what you see after removal or reflection of the anterior abdominal wall

118
Q

What is 8?

A

u: superior mesenteric artery
v: middle colic artery
w: jejunal arteriole

119
Q

What is 9?

A

spleen

120
Q

What is 6?

A

o: portal vein
p: inferior vena cava
q: left gastric artery

121
Q

What is D3?

A

splenorenal ligament

122
Q

What are the adhesions within the abdomen?

A

gastrocolic, phrenicocolic, and hepatocolic ligaments

123
Q

What is 8?

A

in abdominal wall: parietal peritoneum

in scrotum/spermatic cord: tunica vaginalis testis

124
Q

What is D1?

A

gastrosplenic ligament

125
Q

What is G? H? I?

A

Stomach

Hepato-esophageal ligament

Spleen

126
Q

What is 2?

A

d: colic branch
e: ileocolic artery
f: marginal artery

127
Q

What is U-W?

A

u: tenia coli
v: transverse colon
w: tenia coli

128
Q

What is 3?

A

g: right colic artery
h: inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery
i: anterior superior pancreatico-duodenal artery

129
Q

What artery supplies the abdominal foregut?

A

celiac trunk

130
Q

What is E?

A

visceral peritoneum

131
Q

What is 1?

A

a: ileocolic artery
b: right colic artery
c: middle colic artery
d: marginal artery

132
Q
A

c) epiploic appendages

133
Q
A

d) portal vein

134
Q

What are the layers of the superficial body wall?

A

Epidermis - skin epithelium

Dermis - dense irregular connective tissue of the skin

Camper’s fascia - superficial fascia with high fat content

Scarpa’s fascia - thickened deep layer of fascia (more prominent in lower abdomen)

135
Q

What is 4?

A

j: right gastro-omental artery
k: left renal vein
l: gastroduodenal artery

136
Q

What is the ligamentum teres?

A

remnant of the umbilical vein

free edge of falciform ligament

137
Q

Which abdominal muscles facilitate this motion:

flexing trunk

A

bilateral external and internal obliques

rectus abdominis

138
Q

What is an omphalocele?

A

A congenital hernia of the umbilicus

139
Q

What is 8?

A

pancreas

140
Q

What is D? E? F?

A

common hepatic artery

celiac trunk (serves abdominal foregut organs)

portal vein

141
Q

What is the innervation of the abdominal wall?

A

lower intercostal nerves

142
Q

What is an omphalocele? What causes it?

A

a midgut hernation within the umbilical cord in a newborn

caused by failure of the midgut to return into the gut from its extension into the umbilical cord

143
Q

What is 6?

A

liver

144
Q

What does the primitive intraembryonic coelom develop from?

A

lateral plate and cardiogenic mesoderm

they become hollow to form a U-shaped cavity

145
Q

What is 9?

A

x: ileal arteriole
y: vasa recta

146
Q

What is G?

A

lesser sac (ventral mesogastrium)

147
Q

What cavities form from the U-shaped coelom?

A

pericardial, pleural, and abdominal cavities

148
Q

What is 2?

A

e: hepatic artery proper
f: cystic duct
g: common hepatic duct

149
Q

What is the unique function of the external oblique?

A

if both sides contract: flex trunk

if one side contracts: laterally bend to the same side or rotate to the opposite side

150
Q

What are the major branches of the common hepatic artery? Divisions of those branches?

A

hepatic artery proper –> cystic artery (gall bladder), left and right hepatic arteries, right gastric arteries (lower part of lesser curvature of stomach)

gastroduodenal artery –> supraduodenal artery, right gastro-epiploic (right part of upper curvature of stomach), anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

151
Q

What is the gastrocolic ligament?

A

part of the greater omentum from the stomach to its adhesion to the transverse colon

152
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the gut tube? Sympathetic innervation?

A

parasympathetics: vagus for foregut and midgut, pelvic splanchnics for hindgut
sympathetics: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

153
Q

What is 3?

A

in abdominal wall: Scarpa’s fascia

in scrotum/spermatic cord: Colle’s fascia

154
Q

What is C?

A

greater sac

155
Q

What is X-Z?

A

x: mesentery
y: ileocecalorifice
z: ileum (terminal)

156
Q

What is E-H?

A

e: hepatic artery (proper)
f: portal vein
g: inferior vena cava
h: celiac trunk

157
Q

Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:

\\ ///

A

External oblique

158
Q

What is the epiploic foramen?

A

the enterance into the lesser peritoneal sac under the free edge of the lesser omentum

159
Q
A

b) left gastric

160
Q

What is B?

A

falciform ligament

161
Q

What is P? Q? R? S?

A

splenic artery

right gastro-omental/gastro-epiploic artery

superior pancreaticduodenal artery

duodenum

162
Q

What is 8?

A

pancreas

163
Q

What is b?

A

celiac trunk

164
Q

What is C?

A

site of future coronary ligament

165
Q

What is V? W?

A

Lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament, hepatogastric ligament)

Gallbladder

166
Q

What is 6?

A

liver

167
Q

What is E-H?

A

e: ileal papilla, frenulum
f: ascending colon
g: right colic (hepatic) flexure
h: greater omentum (cut)

168
Q

What is 5?

A

m: right gastric artery
n: proper hepatic artery

169
Q

What is F?

A

lesser omentum (omental bursa)

170
Q

What is A-D?

A

a: mesoappendix
b: vermiform appendix
c: cecum
d: iliocecal labrum, superior and inferior lips

171
Q

What is the difference between the sheath of the upper and lower abdomen?

A

upper abdomen is encased by a sheath on both the anterior and posterior side

lower abdomen just has a sheath on the anterior side

172
Q

What is 6?

A

in abdominal wall: transversus abdominus

in scrotum/spermatic cord: n/a

173
Q

What is c?

A

superior mesenteric artery

174
Q

What is the coronary ligament?

A

a ligament that surrounds the bare area of the liver that has no peritoneum covering it

corners are the triangular ligaments

175
Q

What is 6?

A

t: left colic flexure
u: pancreas
v: left kidney
w: jejunum

176
Q

What are the layers of the deep body wall?

A

investing fascia - layer on superficial surface of muscles

muscles/bones

transversalis fascia - more prominent in lower abdomen

small amount of fat and loose connective tissue

parietal peritoneum

177
Q

What is A2?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

178
Q

What are the major branches of the celiac trunk?

A

left gastric –> upper part of lesser curvature of stomach

splenic –> curvy artery from pancreas to spleen

common hepatic –> branches to hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery

179
Q

What is 1?

A

a: hepatopancreatic duct
b: right colic flexure
c: common bile duct
d: gallbladder

180
Q

What is M? N? O?

A

abdominal aorta

left gastric artery (serves upper part of lesser curvature of stomach)

left gastro-omental/gastro-epiploic artery (serves part of greater curvature of stomach)

181
Q

Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:

/// \\

A

Internal oblique

182
Q

What is 2?

A

stomach

183
Q

What is the location of an omphalocele relative to agastroschisis?

A

omphalocele = within the umbilical cord

gastroschisis = to the right of the umbilical ring (organs bathed in amniotic fluid)

184
Q

What is 10-13?

A

10: major duodenal papilla
11: ampulla
12: plicae circulares
13: minor duodenal papilla

185
Q

What is 6-9?

A

6: common bile duct
7: accessory pancreatic duct
8: main pancreatic duct
9: duodenum

186
Q

What is the unique function of the internal oblique?

A

both sides contract: flex trunk

one side contracts: laterally bend or laterally rotate to the same side

187
Q
A

e) transverse colon

188
Q

What are the secondarily retroperitoneal organs?

A

pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon

they become retroperitoneal as intestines grow in length

189
Q

What is 3?

A

first half of duodenum

190
Q

What is 2-5?

A

2: cystic duct
3: right hepatic duct
4: left hepatic duct
5: common hepatic duct

191
Q

What is J? K? L?

A

right hepatic artery

left hepatic artery

inferior vena cava

192
Q

What is D? E? F?

A

Esophagus

Parietal peritoneum

Diaphragm

193
Q

What embryonic structure forms the abdominal body wall?

A

somatopleure (with somite myotomes)

194
Q

What is 7?

A

x: superior mesenteric artery and vein
y: duodenum (ascending and descending)
z: pancreatic duct

195
Q

What is 7?

A

in abdominal wall: transversalis fascia

in scrotum/spermatic cord: internal spermatic fascia

196
Q

What muscles make up the abdominal wall?

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, pyramidalis, cremaster

197
Q

What is A? B? C?

A

gastroduodenal artery

posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (marks junction of foregut and midgut organs)

right gastric artery (to lower part of lesser curvature of stomach)

GI (10 decks)

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