Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is A1?
A
hepatogastric ligament
2
Q
What are the primary retroperitoneal organs?
A
kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava, bladder, prostate, vagina, rectum
3
Q
What is D2?
A
splenophrenic ligament
4
Q
What is S? T? U?
A
Ascending colon
Right colic flexure
Free edge of lesser omentum
5
Q
What are major sites of abdominal hernias?
A
lumbar triangle (boundaries = iliac crest, external oblique, latissimus dorsi)
umbilicus
diaphragm
defmoral canal
inguinal triangle (boundaries = inguinal ligament, lateral margin rectus abdominis, inferior epigastric artery)
6
Q
The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms, contributes to, or is otherwise related to all of the following EXCEPT the:
a) superficial inguinal ring
b) conjoint tendon
c) external spermatic fascia
d) sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle
e) inguinal ligament
A
b) conjoint tendon
7
Q
A
b) duodenum
8
Q
A
c) lesser sac
9
Q
What is the lesser peritoneal sac?
A
a smaller peritoneal compartment located posterior to the stomach
formed by the dorsal mesentery of the stomach
10
Q
What is a?
A
abdominal aorta
11
Q
Which of the following organs is secondarily retroperitoneal?
a) duodenum
b) transverse colon
c) spleen
d) superior mesenteric artery
e) kidney
A
a) duodenum
transverse colon and spleen have mesenteries, superior mesenteric artery is in the midgut mesentery, and kidneys are primarily retroperitoneal
12
Q
What is G-J?
A
g: greater curvature
h: body
i: pyloric antrum
j: duodenum
13
Q
What artery supplies the midgut?
A
superior mesenteric
14
Q
Which of the following muscles or structures does NOT contribute to a covering of the spermatic cord?
a) transversalis fascia
b) transversus abdominis muscle
c) internal oblique muscle
d) external oblique muscle
A
b) transversus abdominis muscle
15
Q
What is 3?
A
h: right hepatic duct
i: left hepatic duct
j: liver, right lobe
16
Q
What is the structure of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle?
A
formed from the aponeuroses of the three muscle layers
covers the entire muslce anteriorly, covers the muscle until the arcuate line (does not run inferior to the arcuate line)
17
Q
What is 4?
A
in abdominal wall: external oblique
in scrotum/spermatic cord: external spermatic fascia
18
Q
What are the longitudinal folds of the gastric mucosa of the interior stomach?
A
rugal folds/rugae
19
Q
What is 1?
A
esophagus
20
Q
What is J? K? L?
A
Lesser curvature
Phrenicocolic ligament
Greater curvature
21
Q
What is the course of a direct inguinal hernia? It passes:
a) lateral to the deep inferior epigastric artery
b) through the deep inguinal ring
c) inside the persistent processus vaginalis
d) within the spermatic cord
e) under the conjoint tendon
A
e) under the conjoint tendon
22
Q
What artery serves the transverse colon? ascending colon?
A
transverse: middle colic artery
ascending: right colic artery
23
Q
What is the cremaster muscle? Function? Innervation?
A
a muscle that branches from the internal oblique that elevates the testisinnervation: genitofemoral
24
Q
What is 10?
A
kidneys
25
What is 1?
a: anterior cecal artery
b: posterior cecal artery
c: ileal branch
26
What is A? B? C?
Liver
Ligamentum teres of liver
Falciform ligament of liver
27
d) inferior mesenteric
28
What is 7?
gall bladder
29
Describe the descent of the fetal testis.
descend through the deep body wall via inguinal canal to scrotum
descends along the gubernaculum behind the processus vaginalis
30
What is the somatopleure that derives from the lateral plate?
surface ectoderm with lateral mesodermal coating
forms the body wall (with the hypomere)
inner lining is the parietal peritoneum and pleura
31
What is 2?
stomach
32
What is H?
Parietal peritoneum
33
What is the gubernaculum?
a fibrous process that guides the descent of the testis through the inguinal canal
34
d) falciform ligament
35
What is 1?
a: fundus
b: body
c: infundibulum
d: neck
36
What is the location of the junction of the abdominal foregut and midgut?
a) esophagus-stomach junction
b) stomach-duodenum junction
c) middle of the duodenum
d) duodenum-jejunum junction
e) jejunum-ileum junction
c) middle of the duodenum
37
What is 2?
e: intestinal branches
f: arcades (loops)
g: vasa recta
h: superior mesenteric artery
38
What is M-P?
m: tenia coli
n: semilunar folds
o: epiploic appendices
p: sigmoid colon
39
What is the function of the rectus abdominis in trunk motion?
flexes the trunk
40
What is the greater peritoneal sac?
abdominopelvic cavity propery that forms the breakdown of midgut and hindgut ventral mesentery
41
What is G? H? I?
proper hepatic artery
cystic artery (supplies the gall bladder)
gallbladder
42
What is III?
g: left renal artery
h: aorta
i: right renal artery
43
What is D-F?
d: cardia
e: esophagus
f: fundus
44
What is 3?
1st half of duodenum
45
What is the greater omentum?
a double layer of dorsal mesentery of the stomach, extends from greater curvature of the stomach and drapes inferiorly over the transverse colon and small intestines
46
What is a direct vs. indirect hernia?
direct = herniation straight through the layers of the abdominal wall (medial to the spermatic cord and inferior epigastric artery)
indirect = herniation straight through the inguinal canal (lateral to the inferior epigastric artery)
47
What is II?
d: intercostal arteries
e: common hepatic artery
f: splenic artery
48
Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:
||||
rectus abdominis
49
What is D3?
splenorenal ligament
50
What is 7?
r: common hepatic artery
s: common hepatic artery
t: splenic artery
51
What is the processus vaginalis?
a parietal peritoneal extension into the scrotum that forms the tunica vaginalis testis (coelomic sac around each testis)
52
What is 5?
descending and sigmoid colon; rectum
53
What is I-L?
i: haustra
j: transverse mesocolon
k: left colic (splenic) flexure
l: descending colon
54
What is the function of the transversus abdominis in trunk motion?
nothing - they do not move the trunk
55
What is the splanchnopleure that derives from the lateral plate?
endoderm and layer of lateral plate mesoderm
forms the mesentaries, gut tube, and organs that develop from the gut tube
lined by visceral peritoneum
56
What is a gastroschisis?
a congenital organ herniation through a ventral body wall defect that occurs with incomplete folding of the gastrula
57
What is A-D?
a: superior mesenteric artery and vein
b: inferior mesenteric vein
c: superior mesenteric vein
d: splenic vein
58
The epiploic foramen is under the:
a) phrenicocolic ligament
b) coronary ligament
c) hepatoduodenal ligament
d) greater omentum
e) falciform ligament
c) hepatoduodenal ligament
59
What is M? N? O?
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Greater omentum
60
What is a hernia?
a protusion of some internal structure through the deep body wall at anatomically weak sites
## Footnote
*ex. abdominal hernia is a sack of parietal peritoneum with something inside (intestines, omentum, etc.)*
61
What is A1?
hepatogastric ligament
62
What is Meckel's diverticulum? What forms can it take?
a yolk sac remnant off the distal ileum
can form a sinus, fistula, cyst, or fibrous cord
63
What is the arcuate line (of Douglas)?
abrupt termination of the posterior sheath around the rectus muscles
64
The ligamentum teres is a remnant of the:
a) right dorsal aorta
b) yolk sac stalk
c) falciform ligament
d) umbilical vein
e) liver bud
d) umbilical vein
65
What is 1?
in abdominal wall: skin
in scrotum/spermatic cord: skin
66
What are the major branches of the splenic artery? What do they supply?
short gastric --\> body of the stomach
left gastr-epiploic --\> left part of greater curvature of stomach
67
If a Meckel's diverticulum, a remnant of the yolk sac stalk, becomes inflamed and needs to be removed, where would you look for it after surgical entry into the abdominal cavity?
a) middle of the duodenum
b) left colic flexure
c) right colic flexure
d) middle of the jejunum
e) terminal ileum
e) terminal ileum
68
What is the processus vaginalis?
a peritoneal evagination that forms the coelomic tunica vaginalis testis
69
What is the typical function of the inguinal canal in females?
it containes the gubernaculum, which persists as the ovarian ligament and the ligamentum teres (round ligament of the uterus)
70
What is a?
abdominal aorta
71
What is 5?
p: left suprarenal gland
q: celiac trunk
r: splenic artery
s: common hepatic artery
72
What is the linea alba?
the midline joining of the left and right abdominal aponeuroses
73
What are mesenteries?
two sheets of visceral peritoneum with connective tissue and fat in between
they suspend and support the GI tract (and provide routes for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics)
74
b) area B
75
What are the abdominal foregut organs?
stomach
liver and gall bladder
pancreas
spleen (not derived from foregut tube, but supplied by foregut artery)
76
What is D1?
gastrosplenic ligament
77
What is 9?
spleen
78
Which abdominal muscles facilitate this motion:
bending to the left
left internal and external oblique
79
What is F?
dorsal mesocolon
80
What is I?
a: gastroduodenal artery
b: hepatic artery proper
c: left and right hepatic arteries
81
What dermatome innervates the area around the umbilicus?
T10 dermatome
82
artery C
83
What artery supplies the hindgut?
inferior mesenteric artery
84
What is P? Q? R?
Gastrocolic ligament
Pyloric sphincter
Duodenum
85
What structures make up each part of the gut tube?
foregut - from terminal esophagus to first half of duodenum
midgut - second half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, most of transverse colon
hindgut - last part of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal
86
Which of the following muscles can rotate the trunk to the same side as the unilateral contracting muscle?
a) transversus abdominis
b) internal oblique
c) rectus abdominis
d) external oblique
b) internal oblique
87
What is the deep vs. superficial inguinal ring?
deep = envagination of the transversalis fascia
superficial = opening in external oblique aponeurosis
*the inguinal canal extends through both*
88
What is d?
inferior mesenteric artery
89
What layer of the superficial body will is continuous with Colle's fascia in the scrotum?
Scarpa's fascia
90
What is dartos smooth muscle?
a layer of muscle within the Camper's fascia that corrugates the skin when testes are elevated
91
What is the external spermatic fascia?
fascia from the external oblique aponeurosis
92
What is 4?
2nd half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending and transverse colon
93
What is D?
greater omentum (dorsal mesogastrum)
94
What is Q-T?
q: rectum
r: sigmoid mesocolon
s: haustra
t: tenia coli
95
Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:
= =
transversus abdominis
96
What is A2?
hepatoduodenal ligament
97
What is A?
Parietal peritoneum
98
What is B?
transverse mesocolon
99
What is the internal spermatic fascia?
extension of the transversalis fascia that forms the first layer around the descending testis
100
Which abdominal muscles facilitate this motion:
rotating trunk to the left
right external oblique
left internal oblique
101
What is A-C?
a: pyloric canal
b: angular notch
c: lesser curvature
102
What is E?
dorsal mesointestine
103
a) haustra
104
What is 2?
in abdominal wall: superficial fascia
in scrotum/spermatic cord: Dartos muscle
105
If you were inside the lesser peritoneal sac or its entryway through the epiploic foramen, which of the following mesenteries would you be unable to touch?
a) splenorenal
b) phrenicocllic
c) hepatoduodenal
d) gastrosplenic
e) hepatogastric
b) phrenicocllic
## Footnote
* all are mesenteries that are part of or continuous with the dorsal mesogastrium that makes up the walls of the lesser sac*
* phrenicolic ligament is an adhesion of the left colic flexure to the diaphragm, which is outside and unrleated to the dorsal mesograstrium/lesser sac*
106
What is B?
falciform ligament
107
What embryonic structure forms the mesenteries, gut tube, and gut tube organs?
splanchnopleure
108
What functions are shared by all of the abdominal muscles?
1) raise intra-abdominal pressure (for childbirth, vomiting, etc.)
2) depress the ribcage during expiration
3) stabilize the pelvis during locomotion
109
What is the blood supply to the abdominal wall?
superior and deep inferior epigastric arteries
110
What is 4?
k: inferior vena cava
l: hepatic veins
m: esophagus
n: abdominal aorta
o: spleen
111
What is A-E?
a: sigmoid colon
b: superior rectal artery
c: sigmoid arteriole
d: left colic artery
e: inferior mesenteric artery
112
What is the peritoneal cavity?
the thin potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, contains serous fluid
113
What is 5?
in abdominal wall: internal oblique
in scrotum/spermatic cord: cremaster muscle
114
What is the falciform ligament?
ligament where parietal peritoneum first becomes visceral peritoneum
connects anterior body wall to the liver
free edge is dense connective tissue
115
What are the fibrous cords of the abdomen?
ligamentum teres (round ligament of liver)
ovarian ligament (gubernaculum remnant)
round ligament of uterus (gubernaculum remnant)
116
What is 10?
kidneys
117
What is the greater peritoneal sac?
the main portion of the abdominal cavity bounded by parietal peritoneum
## Footnote
*most of what you see after removal or reflection of the anterior abdominal wall*
118
What is 8?
u: superior mesenteric artery
v: middle colic artery
w: jejunal arteriole
119
What is 9?
spleen
120
What is 6?
o: portal vein
p: inferior vena cava
q: left gastric artery
121
What is D3?
splenorenal ligament
122
What are the adhesions within the abdomen?
gastrocolic, phrenicocolic, and hepatocolic ligaments
123
What is 8?
in abdominal wall: parietal peritoneum
in scrotum/spermatic cord: tunica vaginalis testis
124
What is D1?
gastrosplenic ligament
125
What is G? H? I?
Stomach
Hepato-esophageal ligament
Spleen
126
What is 2?
d: colic branch
e: ileocolic artery
f: marginal artery
127
What is U-W?
u: tenia coli
v: transverse colon
w: tenia coli
128
What is 3?
g: right colic artery
h: inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery
i: anterior superior pancreatico-duodenal artery
129
What artery supplies the abdominal foregut?
celiac trunk
130
What is E?
visceral peritoneum
131
What is 1?
a: ileocolic artery
b: right colic artery
c: middle colic artery
d: marginal artery
132
c) epiploic appendages
133
d) portal vein
134
What are the layers of the superficial body wall?
Epidermis - skin epithelium
Dermis - dense irregular connective tissue of the skin
Camper's fascia - superficial fascia with high fat content
Scarpa's fascia - thickened deep layer of fascia (more prominent in lower abdomen)
135
What is 4?
j: right gastro-omental artery
k: left renal vein
l: gastroduodenal artery
136
What is the ligamentum teres?
remnant of the umbilical vein
## Footnote
*free edge of falciform ligament*
137
Which abdominal muscles facilitate this motion:
flexing trunk
bilateral external and internal obliques
rectus abdominis
138
What is an omphalocele?
A congenital hernia of the umbilicus
139
What is 8?
pancreas
140
What is D? E? F?
common hepatic artery
celiac trunk (serves abdominal foregut organs)
portal vein
141
What is the innervation of the abdominal wall?
lower intercostal nerves
142
What is an omphalocele? What causes it?
a midgut hernation within the umbilical cord in a newborn
caused by failure of the midgut to return into the gut from its extension into the umbilical cord
143
What is 6?
liver
144
What does the primitive intraembryonic coelom develop from?
lateral plate and cardiogenic mesoderm
## Footnote
*they become hollow to form a U-shaped cavity*
145
What is 9?
x: ileal arteriole
y: vasa recta
146
What is G?
lesser sac (ventral mesogastrium)
147
What cavities form from the U-shaped coelom?
pericardial, pleural, and abdominal cavities
148
What is 2?
e: hepatic artery proper
f: cystic duct
g: common hepatic duct
149
What is the unique function of the external oblique?
if both sides contract: flex trunk
if one side contracts: laterally bend to the same side or rotate to the opposite side
150
What are the major branches of the common hepatic artery? Divisions of those branches?
hepatic artery proper --\> cystic artery (gall bladder), left and right hepatic arteries, right gastric arteries (lower part of lesser curvature of stomach)
gastroduodenal artery --\> supraduodenal artery, right gastro-epiploic (right part of upper curvature of stomach), anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
151
What is the gastrocolic ligament?
part of the greater omentum from the stomach to its adhesion to the transverse colon
152
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the gut tube? Sympathetic innervation?
parasympathetics: vagus for foregut and midgut, pelvic splanchnics for hindgut
sympathetics: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
153
What is 3?
in abdominal wall: Scarpa's fascia
in scrotum/spermatic cord: Colle's fascia
154
What is C?
greater sac
155
What is X-Z?
x: mesentery
y: ileocecalorifice
z: ileum (terminal)
156
What is E-H?
e: hepatic artery (proper)
f: portal vein
g: inferior vena cava
h: celiac trunk
157
Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:
\\\ ///
External oblique
158
What is the epiploic foramen?
the enterance into the lesser peritoneal sac under the free edge of the lesser omentum
159
b) left gastric
160
What is B?
falciform ligament
161
What is P? Q? R? S?
splenic artery
right gastro-omental/gastro-epiploic artery
superior pancreaticduodenal artery
duodenum
162
What is 8?
pancreas
163
What is b?
celiac trunk
164
What is C?
site of future coronary ligament
165
What is V? W?
Lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament, hepatogastric ligament)
Gallbladder
166
What is 6?
liver
167
What is E-H?
e: ileal papilla, frenulum
f: ascending colon
g: right colic (hepatic) flexure
h: greater omentum (cut)
168
What is 5?
m: right gastric artery
n: proper hepatic artery
169
What is F?
lesser omentum (omental bursa)
170
What is A-D?
a: mesoappendix
b: vermiform appendix
c: cecum
d: iliocecal labrum, superior and inferior lips
171
What is the difference between the sheath of the upper and lower abdomen?
upper abdomen is encased by a sheath on both the anterior and posterior side
lower abdomen just has a sheath on the anterior side
172
What is 6?
in abdominal wall: transversus abdominus
in scrotum/spermatic cord: n/a
173
What is c?
superior mesenteric artery
174
What is the coronary ligament?
a ligament that surrounds the bare area of the liver that has no peritoneum covering it
corners are the triangular ligaments
175
What is 6?
t: left colic flexure
u: pancreas
v: left kidney
w: jejunum
176
What are the layers of the deep body wall?
investing fascia - layer on superficial surface of muscles
muscles/bones
transversalis fascia - more prominent in lower abdomen
small amount of fat and loose connective tissue
parietal peritoneum
177
What is A2?
hepatoduodenal ligament
178
What are the major branches of the celiac trunk?
left gastric --\> upper part of lesser curvature of stomach
splenic --\> curvy artery from pancreas to spleen
common hepatic --\> branches to hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery
179
What is 1?
a: hepatopancreatic duct
b: right colic flexure
c: common bile duct
d: gallbladder
180
What is M? N? O?
abdominal aorta
left gastric artery (serves upper part of lesser curvature of stomach)
left gastro-omental/gastro-epiploic artery (serves part of greater curvature of stomach)
181
Which abdominal muscle has the following orientation:
/// \\\
Internal oblique
182
What is 2?
stomach
183
What is the location of an omphalocele relative to agastroschisis?
omphalocele = within the umbilical cord
gastroschisis = to the right of the umbilical ring (organs bathed in amniotic fluid)
184
What is 10-13?
10: major duodenal papilla
11: ampulla
12: plicae circulares
13: minor duodenal papilla
185
What is 6-9?
6: common bile duct
7: accessory pancreatic duct
8: main pancreatic duct
9: duodenum
186
What is the unique function of the internal oblique?
both sides contract: flex trunk
one side contracts: laterally bend or laterally rotate to the same side
187
e) transverse colon
188
What are the secondarily retroperitoneal organs?
pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon
## Footnote
*they become retroperitoneal as intestines grow in length*
189
What is 3?
first half of duodenum
190
What is 2-5?
2: cystic duct
3: right hepatic duct
4: left hepatic duct
5: common hepatic duct
191
What is J? K? L?
right hepatic artery
left hepatic artery
inferior vena cava
192
What is D? E? F?
Esophagus
Parietal peritoneum
Diaphragm
193
What embryonic structure forms the abdominal body wall?
somatopleure (with somite myotomes)
194
What is 7?
x: superior mesenteric artery and vein
y: duodenum (ascending and descending)
z: pancreatic duct
195
What is 7?
in abdominal wall: transversalis fascia
in scrotum/spermatic cord: internal spermatic fascia
196
What muscles make up the abdominal wall?
external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, pyramidalis, cremaster
197
What is A? B? C?
gastroduodenal artery
posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (marks junction of foregut and midgut organs)
right gastric artery (to lower part of lesser curvature of stomach)
