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TAS Respiratory > Anatomy ✅ > Flashcards

Anatomy ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system split into?

A

Three major parts-

  • Upper airways
  • Conducting airways
  • Lower respiratory tract
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2
Q

How do the upper and conducting airways differ at birth compared to in an adult?

A

The upper and conducting airways are fairly well developed, but smaller and the relative size of the component parts is different, e.g. the epiglottis is relatively large and floppy

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3
Q

How does the lower respiratory tract differ at birth compared to in an adult?

A

It is significantly different from the adult constitution, with far fewer alveoli and proportionally more conducting airways

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4
Q

What is the upper airway made up of?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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5
Q

What lines the entire upper airway and conducting airways?

A

Ciliated (respiratory) epithelium

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6
Q

What do abnormalities of the cilia lead to?

A

Blockage and obstruction

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7
Q

Why do abnormalities of the cilia lead to blockage and obstruction?

A

As these are required to ensure clearance of mucus

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8
Q

What are the main functions of the nasal portion?

A
  • Filtration
  • Humidification
  • Warming
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9
Q

What size of particles tend to impact in the upper airway?

A

10µm or larger in diameter

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10
Q

What temperature is the air reaching the trachea?

A

6-30 degrees

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11
Q

What does the temperature of the air reaching the trachea depend on?

A
  • Minute ventilation
  • Size of the child
  • Ambient temperature
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12
Q

What happens to heat from gases expired through the nose?

A

It is extracted by use of a countercurrent exchange system

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13
Q

What can cause loss of control of the pharyngeal muscles?

A
  • Pathology, e.g. cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies

- Deep sedation

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14
Q

What does loss of control of the pharyngeal muscles lead to?

A

Intermittent upper airway obstruction (stertor)

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15
Q

What does narrowing at the larynx lead to?

A

Fixed upper airway obstruction (stridor)

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16
Q

When is the airway maximally open in babies?

A

When the head is held in a neutral position

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17
Q

What happens to the position in which the airway is maximally open as the relative size of the head decreases?

A

It becomes maximally opened with increasing degrees of neck extension

18
Q

What are the conducting airways made up of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles that make up the first 16 branches of the tracheobronchial tree

19
Q

What is an important constituent of the larynx and conducting airways?

A

Cartilage

20
Q

How does the cartilage of the larynx and conducting airways compare at birth to in an adult?

A

it is significantly more floppy

21
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Two bronchi

22
Q

How does the right bronchi compare to the left bronchi?

A

The right bronchi is wider and more vertical

23
Q

What is the result of the right bronchi being wider and more vertical?

A

Inhaled objects tend to fall into the right main bronchus

24
Q

What do the bronchi divide into?

A

Four lobar bronchi

25
Q

What do the lobar bronchi divide into?

A

16 segmental bronchi

26
Q

What is reached after 16 subdivisions of the lobar bronchi?

A

The terminal bronchioles

27
Q

What are the terminal bronchioles capable of?

A

Limited gas exchange

28
Q

What are the lower airways made up of?

A

Divisons 16-23 of the airways

29
Q

What happens in the lower airways?

A

Most gas exchange

30
Q

Is the formation of the lower airways complete at birth?

A

No, only partially complete

31
Q

What is alveolarisation?

A

The formation of new alveoli

32
Q

When does alveolarisation take place?

A

Until at least 2 years of age

33
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Visceral pleura

34
Q

What are the thoracic walls and upper surface of the diaphragm covered by?

A

Parietal pleura

35
Q

What separates the visceral pleura and parietal pleura?

A

A thin layer of pleural fluid

36
Q

Why do the layers of pleura usually remain closely opposed?

A

Due to the considerable surface tension that exists

37
Q

Can the layers of pleura side over each other?

A

Yes, easily

38
Q

What can cause fusion of the layers of pleura?

A

Production of fibrin

39
Q

What does fusion of the layers of pleura by production of fibrin lead to?

A

Pain on movement (pleurisy)

40
Q

What can cause separation of the pleura?

A
  • Fluid (pleural effusion)

- Gas (pneumothorax)

41
Q

What can separation of the pleura lead to?

A

Pain, particularly on inspiration

TAS Respiratory (8 decks)

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