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Voice > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration Structures

A

The Ribs & the Diaphragm

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2
Q

Ribs

A

12 thoracic vertebrae: muscles play an impt. role in respiration
Ribcage wall: expands for inspiration & collapses for expiration

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3
Q

Diaphragm

A

Base of thorax: separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity
As it contracts, it descends & increases vertical dimension of thorax
As it relaxes, it ascends back to higher position

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4
Q

Primary Muscle of Inspiration

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

Secondary Muscles of Inspiration

A

External intercostals, pectoralis major & minor, costal elevators, serratus posterior, neck accessory muscles primarily the sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

Primary Muscles of Expiration

A

4 abdominal muscles: Internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, transverse abdominal, rectus abdominal

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7
Q

Air stream flows for inhalation thru the following passage:

A

nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, VP port, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, b/t the ventricular fold (false VFs), b/t the true VFs, trachea, divides into the 2 bronchial tubes, branch into bronchioles, terminate in lungs @ alveolar sacs

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8
Q

When the thorax enlarges

A

Lungs within the thorax enlarge

Air in the lungs becomes less dense than atmospheric air & inspiration begins

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9
Q

Expiration

A

When the lung pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure by an amount sufficient to overcome resistance, air flows out of the lungs

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10
Q

Speaking on residual air

A

Resulting lack of sufficient air flow & subglottal pressure usually produces an increase in glottal tension as 1 attempts to maintain phonation; voice lacks adequate intensity & resonance

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11
Q

Phonating with Insufficient Loudness

A

Intensity of the voice is directly related to the amount of airflow & degree subglottal air pressure; individual should increase overall inspiration b/c as he/she increases his/her airflow, voice will be perceived as louder
Use diaphragmatic abdominal breathing

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12
Q

Speaking with Shortness of Breath

A

Some pts w/ certain physical conditions (emphysema, TB, quadriplegia) have serious problems in inspiration-expiration

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13
Q

Struggling to Take in a Breath

A

Pt uses clavicular rather than diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing

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14
Q

Key Problem for Many Voice-Disordered Patients

A

Tendency to “squeeze” the glottis closed to produce “power” rather than using abdominal muscles
Excessive effort becomes basis of a hyperfunctional voice d/o which may lead to: nodules, contact ulcers, polyps, laryngitis, loss of voice

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15
Q

Speaking & singing both require…

A

An outgoing air stream capable of activating vocal vibration

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16
Q

When looking at respiration (& speaking/singing) we need to look at:

A

How many phrases can we sing

How much emphasis we can use on 1 expiration

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17
Q

Laryngeal Functions & Respiration

A

Cough productions & valsalva maneuver

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18
Q

Laryngeal Functions & Deglutition

A

Prevents aspiration

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19
Q

Laryngeal Functions & Phonation

A

Develops subglottic air pressure; modifies air flow to vibrate VFs

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20
Q

Cartilaginous Framework of Larynx

A

1 thyroid, 1 cricoid, 1 epiglottis, 2 arytenoids, 2 corniculates, 2 cuneiforms

21
Q

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

A

Stylohyoid, posterior digastric belly, anterior digastric belly, geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid

22
Q

Strap Muscles of Neck

A

Geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid

23
Q

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

A

Thyroarytenoid, Posterior cricoarytenoid, Lateral cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid, cricothyroid

24
Q

Thyroartyenoid/vocalis Function

A

Shorten the VFs

Relaxation

25
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid Function

A

Abduction of the VFs

26
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid Function

A

Adduction of the VFs

27
Q

Interarytenoids Function

A

Adduction of the VFs

28
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle

A

Anteriorly placed paired muscles that lie external to the laryngeal cartilage

29
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle Innervation

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

30
Q

VF Histology

A

Divided into 3 layers: Cover, Lamina Propria, Muscular layer

31
Q

Cover of VFs

A

Composed of epithelial layer & superficial connective tissue layer

32
Q

Lamina Propria of VFs

A

Superficial, Intermediate, and Deep layers

33
Q

Median Position of VFs

A

Position VFs take during phonation

34
Q

Paramedian Position of VFs

A

Position most VFs take when paralyzed

35
Q

Intermedian Position of VFs

A

Between the paramedian position and full adduction

36
Q

Full Abduction Position of VFs

A

Similar to breathing, VFs are wide open

37
Q

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

A

Phonation begins w/ expiration, setting the closed VFs in vibration as airflow passes b/t folds
Subglottal air pressure builds up, resulting in increased velocity of airflow
Subglottal increases & VFs are blown apart =izing supraglottic & subglottic pressure
B/c of mass of VFs & Bernoulli Effect, they come back together again

38
Q

Bernoulli Effect

A

Occurs when velocity of subglottal air is increased while approaching & passing thru the constricted glottis
Increased velocity of airflow creates a (-) pressure b/t medial edges of VFs
VFs will be “sucked” back together producing the repetitive vibratory cycle of folds blown apart & sucked back together 100s of times/sec.
Is the suction action that draws the folds together

39
Q

The Vibratory Cycle

A

Repeated approx. 100 times per second for an adult male and approximately 200 times per seconds for and adult female

40
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A

Directly related to how many vibratory closings & openings the VFs make in 1 sec.
Short, thick, lax fold vibrates at a slow rate producing a low pitch
Long, thin, tense fold vibrates at a fast rate producing a high pitch

41
Q

Falsetto

A

VFs can elongate/stretch only so far; extending range
Folds appear long, stiff, very thin along edges, & often somewhat bow-shaped
Gives the breathy quality of this
Often called “loft” register

42
Q

Glottal Fry

A

Pitch opposite falsetto in quality & airflow rate
Described as the pulse register, the lowest range of notes
Sounds like a sputter of a low-powered outboard motor
Produced when the folds are approximated tightly, particularly at the arytenoids

43
Q

Pulse/Chest Register

A

Lowest range of phonation

44
Q

Modal/Midvoice Register

A

Range of fundamental frequency

45
Q

Loft/Falsetto Register

A

Higher range of fundamental frequencies

46
Q

Modes of Attack

A

Hard, glottal, or stopped
Even or static
Breathy

47
Q

Short, thick, lax fold vibrates

A

at a slow rate producing a low pitch

48
Q

Long, thin, tense fold vibrates

A

at a fast rate producing a high pitch

Voice (12 decks)

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