Anatomy Flashcards
What is the nerve supply of the Pec Major muscle and where does it insert on the arm?
C5-T1
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
Anterior axillary fold on lateral humerus
What is nerve supply and insertion of Pec minor?
C8-T1
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
From ribs 3-5 to coracoid process of scapula
Insertion, action and nerve supply of Trapezius muscle?
From Occipital protuberance and cervical and thoracic vertebrae
To spine of scapula and lateral 1/3rd of clavicle
Elevates, retracts and rotates scapula
Braces shoulder backwards
Accessory nerve (CN 11)
Insertion, action and nerve supply of Lat dorsi?
From T6-L5 spines and iliac crest (thoracolumbar fascia)
To intertubercle groove of humerus
Adduction and medial rotation of arm
C6 + C7 - Thoracodorsal nerve
Insertion, action and innervation of Serratus anterior?
From lateral border of ribs 1-8
To medial border of scapula
Holds scapula against thoracic wall
Protracts scapula and rotates (helps with abduction)
C6 + C7 - Long thoracic nerve
Insertion, action and innervation of Subscapularis muscle?
From subscapular fossa
To lesser tubercle of humerus
Adduction and medial rotation of arm
C5-7 - Subscapular nerves
Insertion, action and innervation of Teres Major muscle?
From lower angle of scapula
To intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Medial rotation and adduction of arm
C6-7 - Lower subscapular nerve
Tell me about Axillary artery and branches?
From subclavian artery at lateral border of 1st rib and becomes brachial artery at inferior border of Teres Major
More easily palpated in axilla when arm is adducted as suspensory ligaments are then relaxed.
6 branches (Save The Lions And Protect Species) - Superior thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral thoracic, Anterior circumflex humeral, Posterior circumflex humeral, Subscapular
Split into 3 parts by Pectoralis Minor, giving off 1 branch above, 2 beneath, 3 below.
Branches of Thoracoacromial artery
It is branch of axillary artery
4 branches (Cadavers Are Dead People) - Clavicular, Acromial, Deltoid, Pectoral
Tell me about Erb’s palsy?
Superior brachial plexus injury (C5/6) - waiter’s tip deformity.
From fall forcing shoulder down and head to opposite side.
During difficult delivery in infants where shoulder is forced down in head first delivery (most common obstetric brachial plexopathy).
Arm is adducted and internally rotated at shoulder, pronated, extended at elbow.
Good prognosis.
Tell me about Klumpke palsy?
Lower brachial plexus injury (C8/T1) - claw hand
Caused by excessive abduction - eg grabbing something when falling from height.
Also cervical rib or lung mets.
A/w preganglion injury and Horner’s syndrome.
Deficit of all small muscles of hand (ulnar and median nerves)
Extended wrist, hyperextension of MCP, flexion of IP.
Poor prognosis.
Explain lymphatic drainage of the breast?
75-90% is to axillary nodes, typically collecting in a single sentinel lymph node at lateral border of pec major.
Superficial lymphatics of nipple and areola collect in Sappey subareolar plexus.
Some deep breast tissue on medial side may drain into internal mammary nodes.
Axillary chain divided into 6 groups: Apical/subclavicular Brachial/lateral/axillary vein Central Subscapular/posterior Interpectoral/Rotter's nodes Pectoral/anterior/external mammary
Infraclavicular - surrounding cephalic vein, drainage from forearm and hand.
Tell me about chest drain insertion site and safe triangle?
5th intercostal space MAL, just above the rib
Safe triangle:
Lateral border of pec major
Anterior border of lat dorsi
Above level of nipple
Supraspinatus muscle - action and nerve supply?
Initiates abduction of arm
Suprascapular nerve (C4-6)
Infraspinatus muscle - action and nerve supply?
External rotation of arm
Suprascapular nerve (C4-6)
Teres minor - action and nerve supply?
External rotation of arm
Axillary nerve (C5-6)
Deltoid muscle - action and nerve supply?
Ant - flexion and medial rotation of arm
Med - abduction
Pos - extension and lateral rotation of arm
Axillary nerve (C5-6)
List 4 rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor
List the 3 anterior arm muscles and nerve supplying them?
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Biceps brachii
Musculocutaneous nerve
Biceps brachii - action, insertion, innervation, blood supply?
Long head originates from supraglenoid tubercle of scapular.
Short head originates from coracoid process of scapular (with coracobrachialis).
Single tendon inserts into radial tuberosity of radius.
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-6)
Brachial artery
Flexion and supination of forearm
Weak flexion of arm at shoulder
Coracobrachialis - action, insertion, innervation, blood supply?
From coracoid process of scapular to anterior surface of humerus.
Strong adductor of arm
Also weak flexion at shoulder
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-6)
Muscular branches of brachial artery
Brachialis - action, insertion, innervation, blood supply?
From distal half of anterior surface of humerus to coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna.
Main flexor of forearm at elbow
Musculocutaneous (C5-6) and radial (C7) nerves
Brachial, radial recurrent arteries and branches of inferior ulnar collateral arteries
Where is median nerve found in upper arm?
Median nerve is medial to brachial pulse
Brachial pulse is medial to biceps tendon
Carpal bones
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Tell me about supracondylar fractures?
Mostly in children - fall onto outstretched hand with elbow bent.
Anterior interosseous nerve most common structure to be injured. 2nd commonest is brachial artery.
Malunion can result in gunstock deformity
Treatment usually manipulation under anaesthetic with X-ray control then immobilisation with collar and cuff for 6-8 weeks.
LOAF muscles?
Intrinsic hand muscles innervated by median nerve
Lateral two lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Describe autonomic and sensory innervation to parotid glands?
Parasympathetic - carried by auriculotemporal nerve from otic ganglion
Sympathetic - from superior cervical ganglion
Sensory - auriculotemporal nerve which is branch of mandibular nerve
What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Anterior boundary – sternocleidomastoid muscle
Posterior boundary – trapezius muscle
Inferior boundary (base) – middle third of the clavicle
Superior boundary (apex) – point that sternocleidomastoid and trapezius meet on the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
List structures in the posterior triangle of the neck?
The nerves contained within the posterior triangle of the neck are: The accessory nerve (CN XI) The phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) The suprascapular nerve Branches of the cervical plexus Roots and trunks of the brachial plexus
The vessels contained within the posterior triangle of the neck are: The 3rd part of the subclavian artery The transverse cervical artery The subscapular artery The occipital artery The terminal part of the external jugular vein The subclavian vein The brachiocephalic vein
The muscles contained within the posterior triangle of the neck are:
The inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
The anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles
Levator scapulae muscle
Splenius capitis muscle
What muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into 2 further triangles and what are they?
Omohyoid muscle
Occipital triangle
Subclavian triangle
What is the venous drainage of the cerebellum?
Via superior and inferior cerebellar veins, which in turn drain into dural venous sinuses
What are the 6 main nerves that innervate the scalp?
Some Special Zoos Allow Giant Lions
The branches of the trigeminal nerve that innervate the scalp are:
The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and it supplies the anteromedial forehead.
The supraorbital nerve is also a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and it supplies the scalp region between the anterolateral forehead and the vertex.
The zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and supplies the region of the temple.
The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and supplies the skin supero-anteriorly to the auricle.
The branches of the cervical nerves that innervate the scalp are:
The greater occipital nerve is a branch of the anterior rami of cervical nerves C2 and C3. It supplies the posterior aspect of the scalp up to the vertex.
The lesser occipital nerve is also a branch of the anterior rami of cervical nerves C2 and C3. It supplies the area posterior to the auricle.
List the 6 main nerves that innervate the scalp?
Some Special Zoos Allow Giant Lions
Trigeminal branches: Supratrochlear Supraorbital Zygomaticotemporal Auriculotemporal
Cervical branches:
Greater occipital
Lesser occipital
At what level does the trachea arise?
C6 vertebral level
Lower border of cricoid cartilage
At what level does trachea bifurcate?
T5 vertebral level
Level of sternal angle
Describe the lining of the trachea and bronchi?
The trachea and bronchi are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, interspersed by goblet cells, which produce mucous.
List the 7 branches of the facial artery and how it terminates?
The cervical branches of the facial artery are:
The ascending palatine artery
The tonsillar branch of the facial artery
The submental artery
The glandular artery
The facial branches of the facial artery are:
The inferior labial artery
The superior labial artery
The lateral nasal branch of the facial artery
Terminates as the angular artery on the anterior face, medially at the corner of the eye.
Describe blood supply to the scalp?
The branches of the internal carotid artery supplying the scalp are:
The supratrochlear artery accompanies the supratrochlear nerve and is a branch of the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery. It supplies part of the forehead above the eye, and anastamoses with the supraorbital artery and with the supratrochlear artery on the other side.
The supraorbital artery is also a branch of the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery. It accompanies the supraorbital nerve and supplies the lateral forehead and scalp.
The branches of the external carotid artery supplying the scalp are:
The superficial temporal artery supplies a large part of the scalp via its frontal and parietal branches. These are mainly located in the frontal and temporal areas. It anastamoses with the supraorbital artery.
The posterior auricular artery supplies the area of the scalp superior to and posterior to the auricle.
The occipital artery lies posteriorly on the scalp and supplies much of this area.
Approximately how much CSF is present at any one time?
Where is CSF produced?
How much CSF is produced per day?
Where is CSF absorbed?
150 ml
Produced in choroid plexuses, located in lining of ventricles, from arterial blood
Produces about 500 ml per day
Absorbed across arachnoid granulations into venous circulation
Also small amount of CSF drainage via cribriform plate
Where do all the lymphatic vessels of the head and neck ultimately drain into?
Deep cervical lymph nodes which run alongside the internal jugular vein
Where does lymphatic drainage of lateral face and eyelids drain to?
Parotid lymph nodes
Where does lymphatic drainage of the upper lip and lateral lower lip drain to?
Submental lymph nodes
What is the light reflex on otoscopy?
When light shone on tympanic membrane, a cone shaped reflection of light appears in anterior inferior quadrant, just below the umbo.
List the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
The digastric muscle
The stylohyoid muscle
The geniohyoid muscle
The mylohyoid muscle
List the foramina of the ventricular system of the brain?
The interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro) connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle at the midline of the brain
The cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle
The median aperture (foramen of Magendie) connects the fourth ventricle with the subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna
The right and left lateral apertures (apertures of Luschka) connect the fourth ventricle with the subarachnoid space via the cistern of the great cerebral vein
Which structures pass through the Cavernous sinus?
Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Abducens nerve Ophthalmic nerve Maxillary nerve
Internal carotid artery
Describe the course of the facial nerve up to its division into 5 terminal branches?
The facial nerve exits the cranium through the stylomastoid foramen, just posterior to the styloid process of the temporal bone.
As the nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen it gives of the posterior auricular nerve, which controls movements of some of the scalp muscles around the ear.
After exiting the cranium, it runs anteriorly to the outer ear before passing between the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid muscle, giving off branches to each of these muscles in the process.
It then enters the parotid gland, which it does not innervate. Lying between the deep and superficial lobes of the gland the nerve divides into its five terminal motor branches, which innervate the muscles of facial expression: Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Marginal mandibular branch Cervical branch
What are the 5 parts of the brachial plexus?
Real Teenagers Drink Cold Beer
Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches
What are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus?
The C5 and C6 roots combine to form the superior trunk
The C7 root continues to form the middle trunk
The C8 and T1 roots combine to form the inferior trunk
Which 3 muscles make up the hypothenar eminence?
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
What is the nerve and blood supply to the dorsal interossei?
Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Dorsal and palmar metacarpal arteries
What are the 4 main sensory branches of the radial nerve?
Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm – supplies the lateral aspect of the anterior upper arm between the deltoid and the elbow
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm – supplies part of the posterior aspect of the upper arm
The posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm – supplies a tapered strip of the middle portion of the posterior forearm
The superficial branch of the radial nerve – supplies the posterior surface of the lateral 3 ½ digits and the associated areas of the palm
Which bones form the borders of the carpal arch?
Laterally - scaphoid and trapezium tubercles
Medially - hook of hamate and pisiform
What are the 8 carpal bones from starting on lateral side?
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
9 tendons and median nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus (4 tendons)
Flexor digitorum superficialis (4 tendons)
Flexor pollicis longus (in its own synovial sheath)
Which tendon lies within the flexor retinaculum itself?
Flexor carpi radialis tendon
What 4 muscles are innervated by the median nerve?
LOAF
Lateral 2 lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
What are the 3 sensory branches of the ulnar nerve and where do they arise?
Two of these arise in the forearm and travel into the hand:
Palmar cutaenous branch, which innervates the skin of the medial half of the palm
Dorsal cutaneous branch, which innervates the dorsal skin of the medial one and half fingers and associated dorsal hand
The third branch arises in the hand:
Superficial branch, which innervates the palmar surface of the medial one and a half fingers
How does the location of damage to ulnar nerve affect the pattern of injury?
Ulnar nerve innervates 2 muscles in the forearm - flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus.
With injury at the elbow these 2 forearm muscles are spared.
Flexion of hand at the wrist still occurs due to intact median nerve but hand will be abducted as flexor carpi ulnaris also adducts the hand. Wrist flexion is unaffected with ulnar nerve lesion at the wrist.
Damage to the ulnar nerve at either the elbow or wrist results in a characteristic ‘claw hand’ appearance with hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the distal and proximal interphalangeal joint of the little and ring fingers. When the ulnar nerve has been damaged at the elbow there will be less clawing of the little and ring fingers as there will also be loss of flexor digitorum profundus to these fingers.
Sensory function also differs depending upon the site of damage. When damaged at the elbow all three cutaneous branches will be affected and there will be complete sensory loss in the areas that are innervated by the ulnar nerve. When damaged at the wrist the two branches that arise in the forearm can be spared.
What is Froment’s sign in testing for an ulnar nerve lesion?
This is tested for by placing a piece of paper between the patient’s thumb and index finger. The tester then attempts to pull the paper out of the patient’s pinched grip. In the case of an ulnar nerve palsy the patient will have difficulty maintaining the grip and will compensate by flexing flexor pollicis longus of the thumb to maintain grip pressure. The patient’s interphalangeal joint of the thumb will flex.
Which muscles are supplied by the median nerve and its branches?
Median nerve: Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum superficialis
Anterior interosseous nerve:
Flexor digitorum profundus (lateral 1/2)
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Recurrent branch:
Thenar muscles - opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis
Palmar digital branch:
1st and 2nd lumbricals
Which nerve innervates the supinator muscle?
Deep branch of radial nerve
What are the 3 attachments of the biceps brachii muscle?
Short head arises from tip of coracoid process of scapula
Long head arises from supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Inserts into radial tuberosity and deep fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
Describe the empty can test?
To perform the test the patient is placed in a standing or sitting position, and the arms are raised parallel to the ground in the scapular plane.
The arm is then rotated to full internal rotation (thumb down) and the clinician pushes down on either the wrists or the elbow, and the patient is instructed to resist the downward pressure.
The test is considered positive if weakness, pain or both are present during resistance.
A positive test result suggests a tear to the supraspinatus tendon or muscle, or neuropathy of the suprascapular nerve.
List the muscles supplied by the ulnar nerve and its 2 main motor branches?
In forearm:
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus (medial 1/2)
Depp branch (in hand): Hypothenar muscles 3rd and 4th lumbricals Palmar interossei Dorsal interossei Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis
Superficial branch (in hand): Palmaris brevis
What is the piano key sign?
Sign of triangular fibrocartilage complex injury.
Dorsal distal radioulnar joint instability can cause a protruding ulna head, which can be pressed down. When you release the pressure, it will spring back in position again, just like a piano key.
The best place to palpate the TFCC is between extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris.
What causes winged scapula?
Damage to long thoracic nerve which innervates serratus anterior muscle.
Can be seen more clearly by asking them to push against a wall.
Describe blood supply to the hand?
The radial artery primarily supplies the thumb and the lateral side of the index finger.
The ulnar artery primarily supplies the medial side of the index finger and the rest of the fingers.
The ulnar artery lies lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris before passing superficial to the flexor retinaculum.
Deep palmar arch - predominantly from radial artery, also from deep palmar branch of ulnar artery, gives rise to palmar metacarpal arteries.
Superficial palmar arch - predominantly from ulnar artery, also from superficial palmar branch of radial artery, gives rise to the common palmar digital arteries and four digital branches.
Where can the median nerve be located?
Between the tendons of palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis.
It should be noted that palmaris longus is absent in around 15% of the population and if this is the case the median nerve can be located 5-10 mm medial to flexor carpi radialis.
What are the main actions of the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus - abduction (first 15 degrees)
Subscapularis - internal rotation, adduction
Infraspinatus - main external rotator
Teres minor - assists with external rotation
What are the 3 main sensory branches of the ulnar nerve?
Palmar cutaneous branch – supplies the medial half of the palm (arises in forearm and travels into the hand)
Dorsal cutaneous branch – supplies the dorsal aspect of the medial 1 ½ digits and associated dorsal hand area (arises in forearm and travels into the hand)
Superficial terminal branch – supplies the palmar aspect of the medial 1 ½ fingers (arises in the hand)
What are the 4 main passageways that connect the abdomen/pelvis to the lower limb?
Obturator canal
Greater sciatic foramen
Lesser sciatic foramen
Gap between inguinal ligament and anterosuperior margin of pelvis
Where is the obturator canal located within the obturator foramen?
Anterosuperior edge of obturator foramen
Obturator membrane fills most of obturator foramen.
Obturator internus and externus connect to obturator membrane and surrounding bone.
What structures pass through the obturator canal?
Obturator nerve and vessels
What are the borders of the greater sciatic foramen?
What muscle divides it into 2?
Major route for structures to pass between pelvis and gluteal region
Margins are:
Greater sciatic notch
Part of upper borders of sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
Lateral border of sacrum
Divided into 2 by piriformis muscle, 1 part below and 1 part above
What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle?
Superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein
What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscle?
Inferior gluteal nerve, artery and vein
Sciatic nerve
Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery and vein
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Nerve to obturator internus and gemellus superior muscles
Nerve to quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior muscles
What regions does the lesser sciatic foramen connect?
Connects gluteal region to perineum
It is inferior to the lateral attachment of the pelvic floor (levator ani and coccygeus muscles)
What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Obturator internus muscle tendon
Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels, which first pass through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscle, enter perineum below pelvic floor by passing medially through lesser sciatic foramen.
What 3 muscles pass below the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh?
Psoas major
Iliacus
Pectineus
List structures which pass through the gap below the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh?
Psoas major, iliacus, pectineus muscles
Femoral artery and vein
Lymphatics of lower limb
Femoral nerve
Which nerve routes form the lumbar plexus?
Which nerve routes form the sacral plexus?
Lumbar plexus - anterior rami of L1-L3 and part of L4.
The rest of L4 and anterior ramus of L5 form lumbosacral trunk which joins with anterior rami of S1-S3 and part of S4 to form sacral plexus.
What is the sensory and motor innervation of the femoral nerve?
What are its spinal roots?
All muscles in anterior compartment of thigh.
In abdomen branches innervate iliacus and pectineus.
Skin over anterior thigh, anteromedial knee, medial side of lower leg and medial side of foot.
L2-L4
What is the sensory and motor innervation of the obturator nerve?
What are its spinal roots?
All muscles in medial compartment of thigh except: part of adductor magnus that originates from the ischium (sciatic nerve) pectineus muscle (femoral nerve)
Obturator externus muscle
Skin on medial side of upper thigh
What are the spinal roots of the sciatic nerve?
Through what gap does it leave the pelvis?
What are its 2 major branches?
What does it innervate?
L4-S3
Through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle
In posterior compartment of thigh it divides into 2 major branches:
Common fibular nerve - posterior divisions of L4-S2
Tibial nerve - anterior divisions of L4-S3
All muscles in posterior compartment of thigh
The part of adductor magnus originating from ischium
All muscles in leg and foot
Skin on lateral side of leg and lateral side and sole of foot
What are the 2 gluteal nerves?
Where do they leave the pelvis?
What muscles do they innervate?
Superior and inferior gluteal nerves
Superior:
Leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen above piriformis muscle
Gluteus medius and minimus muscles
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Inferior:
Leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle
Gluteus maximus
Where does the ilio-inguinal nerve leave the abdominal wall?
What are its spinal roots?
Where does it supply sensory innervation to?
What motor function does it have?
Through the inguinal canal and out of superficial inguinal ring
L1
Innervates skin on medial side of upper thigh and adjacent parts of perineum
Innervates muscles of abdominal wall
Where does the genitofemoral nerve leave the abdomen?
Where does it supply sensory innervation to?
What motor function does it have?
Passes anteroinferiorly through psoas major muscle then descends on its anterior surface.
Its femoral branch passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral artery.
Femoral branch innervates skin over upper central part of anterior thigh.
Genital branch innervates cremaster muscle in wall of spermatic cord in men
Which 2 nerves are involved in the cremasteric reflex?
When the inner thigh is stroked, sensory fibers of the ilioinguinal nerve are stimulated.
These activate the motor fibers of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve which causes the cremaster muscle to contract and elevate the testis.
What are the spinal roots of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
Where does it leave the abdomen?
Where does it give sensory innervation to?
L2/L3
Leaves abdomen either:
Below inguinal ligament just medial to ASIS
Or by passing through inguinal ligament
Sensory innervation to lateral side of thigh
What are the spinal roots of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
Where does it leave the pelvic cavity?
Where does it supply sensory innervation to?
S1-S3
Through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle
Passes deep to gluteus maximus
Innervates longitudinal band over posterior thigh that continues into upper leg, skin over gluteal fold, upper medial part of thigh and adjacent regions of perineum.
Where does the perforating cutaneous nerve innervate?
Overlaps with posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh in innervating skin over the medial aspect of the gluteal fold.
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries are branches of what artery?
Through which foramen do they leave the pelvis?
Branches of internal iliac artery
Both through greater sciatic foramen
Superior is above piriformis muscle
Inferior is below piriformis muscle
They supply gluteal region
The obturator artery is a branch of which artery?
Where does it leave the pelvis?
Where does it supply?
Branch of internal iliac artery
Through obturator canal
Supplies medial compartment of thigh
Which 3 veins drain into the popliteal vein around the level of the knee?
Small saphenous vein
Anterior and posterior tibial veins
What 3 factors make up Virchow’s triad wich precipitate thrombosis?
Venous stasis
Injury to vessel wall
Hypercoagulable state
Where are the superficial inguinal nodes located?
Where do they receive lymph from?
Where do they drain to?
In the superficial fascia and run parallel to the inguinal ligament, medially they run inferiorly along terminal part of great saphenous vein.
Receive lymph from gluteal region, lower abdominal wall, perineum, superficial regions of lower limb.
Drain to external iliac nodes.
