Anatomy Flashcards
List the main arteries and veins of the upper limb?
Arteries - Brachial - Radial - Ulnar Veins - Superficial - Cephalic - Basilic - Medial cubital
List the main arteries and veins of the lower limb?
Arteries: - Femoral - popliteal - anterior and posterior tibial - peroneal and dorsalis pedis arteries Veins: - femolar - long - short saphenous
Where can arterial pulses be located?
Radial Brachial Femoral Popliteal Dorsalis pedis Posterior tibial
Arterial pulse points in the arm?
Axillary
Radial - distal forearm and anatomical snuffbox
Brachial - mid arm and cubital fossa
Ulnar
Vein pulse points in the leg?
Femoral
Posterior tibial
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
What forms the axillary artery?
Subclavian artery
Name the 3 branches of the axillary artery?
- Superior thoracic
- Acromiothoracic and lateral thoracic
- Subscapular, anterior humeral circumflex and posterior humeral circumflex
What forms the brachial artery?
Axillary
Name the 2 main branches of the brachial artery?
Ulnar and radial
What does the radial artery enter?
Anatomical snuffbox
Subclavian pulse can be felt where?
First rib
Brachial artery pulse can be felt where?
Humerus
Radial and ulnar arteries pulse felt where?
Wrist
Name the 2 main veins of the arm?
Cephalic on radial
Basilic on ulnar
Where does the cephalic vein drain into?
Axillary vein
What can the cephalic vein be sued for in emergency situations?
Emergency cut down for cannulation
What forms the axillary vein?
Basilic and deep veins`
What veins joins the cephalic and basilic veins?
Median cubital vein
Which vein is most preferred for venepuncture?
Median cubital vein
What forms the femoral artery?
External iliac artery
Name the branches of the femoral artery?
- Superficial circumplex iliac
- Superficial epigastric
- Superficial external pudendal
In the thigh: - profunda femoris (gives off medial and lateral circumflex branches)
What forms the popliteal artery?
Femoral artery
Why is the popliteal artery hard to palpate and so hard to feel the pulse?
Covered by a thickening in fascia lata and lies deed in the popliteal fossa
How to properly palpate and feel the popliteal pulse?
- Patient prone
- Knee flexed
- Muscles relaxed, by resting leg on examiner’s arm
- Apply firm pressure downwards against popliteal fossa
Name the 2 main branches of the popliteal artery?
Anterior and Posterior tibial
What forms the dorsalis pedis artery?
Anterior tibial artery
Name the branches of the anterior tibial artery?
Muscular branches and branches which anastamose around knee and ankle joint
Which branch is larger - Posterior or Anterior tibial?
Posterior
Name the branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Peroneal
Branches to tibia and ankle joint
Medial and lateral plantar
What does the peroneal artery supply?
Popliteus and the fibula
What does the medial and lateral plantar arteries supply?
Foot
Name the 2 superficial veins of the leg?
Long and Short saphenous
Which vein in the leg is good for venepuncture?
Long saphenous vein
What forms the long saphenous vein?
Dorsal network of veins
Where does the long saphenous vein drain into?
Femoral vein
What vein can be used for cardiac bypass surgery?
Part of the long saphenous vein
Why is the long saphenous vein perfect to replace a coronary artery?
The valves do not obstruct arterial flow
What forms the short saphenous vein?
from the veins from the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot
Where does the short saphenous vein drain?
Popliteal vein
What are varicose veins?
Superficial veins of lower limb
What are the causes of the pain and discomfort in varicose veins?
- Hereditary weakness of walls and valves
- Elevated intra-abdominal pressure
- Thrombophlebitis of deep veins, causing the superficial veins being the main venous pathway
What is the definition of the peritoneum?
A thin, transparent squamous epithelium serous membrane that consists of a parietal and visceral layer
What 2 layers does the peritoneum consist of?
Parietal
Visceral
How are the layers separated?
By capillary films of peritoneal fluid
During development, organs protrude into the peritoneal sac and what happens?
Take vessels and nerves with it
How mobile is with viscera with mesentery?
Depends of the length of mesentery
As organs develop larger, what happens?
Obliterate the peritoneal cavity completely
How is the peritoneal cavity divided?
Greater sac and Lesser sac
A surgical incision where with enter the greater sac?
Anterior abdominal wall
Where is the lesser sac located?
Lies posterior to stomach and liver
In females, what does the peritoneal cavity communicate with?
Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
In males, what happens to the peritoneal cavity?
Closed
What is the definition of the mesentery?
A double layer of peritoneum that encloses the organ and connects it to the abdominal wall
What is the mesentery of the stomach?
Mesogastrium
What is the mesentery of the transverse colon?
Transverse mesocolon
What is the mesentery of the SI?
Mesentery
What is the name given to viscera with no mesentery?
Extraperitoneal
Retroperitoneal
What is the definition of retroperitoneal?
Area outside or behind the peritoneum
What is the definition of peritoneal?
WIthin the peritoneum
What is the definition of Intraperitoneal?
Within the peritoneal cavity, contains abdominal organs
What is the definition of extraperitoneal?
Outside of the peritoneal cavity
What is the definition of the greater omentum?
Hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach
What does the greater omentum connect the stomach with?
Diaphragm
Spleen
Transverse colon
Name the 5 peritoneal ligaments associated with the Liver?
To abdominal wall:
- falciform ligament
- ligamentum teres
- coronary ligament
- left and right triangular ligament
Name the 4 peritoneal pouches and what gender they are associated with?
Rectouterine pouch (F) Rectovesical pouch (M) Vesicouterine pouch (F) Supracolic and infracolic compartments
Where is the lesser sac located?
Between the stomach and the posterior abdominal wall
What is the lesser sac split into?
Inferior recess (potential space) Superior recess (limited by diaphragm)
How does the lesser sac communicate with the main peritoneal caivty?
Epiploic foramen, located at posterior to free edge of lesser omentum
Name 2 diseases of the peritoneum?
Ascites
Supraphrenic abscess
Describe the process of peritoneal dialysis?
Dialysis fluid enters abdominal cavity
Fluid and waste drain out
Name the 7 organs that form the gastrointestinal system?
Mouth Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Oesophagus Stomach SI LI
Name the 6 organs that are accessory organs to the GI system?
Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
What region is the RH?
Right hypochondriac
What region is the RL?
Right lumbar
What region is the RI?
Right inguinal
What region is the LH?
Left hypochondriac
What region is the LL?
Left lumbar
What region is the LI?
Left inguinal
What region is the RUQ?
Right upper quadrant
What region is the LUQ?
Left upper quadrant
What region is the RLQ?
Right lower quadrant
What region is the LLQ?
Left lower quadrant
Name the 3 body cavities?
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
By what is the abdominal cavity separated from the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
Where to the salivary glands empty into?
Oral cavity
What leads from the oral cavity?
Posteriorly into oropharynx
Name the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Naso
Oro
Laryngo (communicates with larynx)
What leads from the pharynx?
Oesophagus
What is the definition of the oesophagus?
Collapsed muscular tube, epens inferiorly and the the left into the stomach
Where does the oesophagus start?
C6
Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm
T10
In what quadrant is the stomach located?
LUQ
Name the 4 main parts of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus
Name the 2 curvatures of the stomach?
Lesser
Greater
In what quadrant is the liver situated?
RUQ
What type of organ is the spleen?
Lymphatic organ
In what quadrant is the spleen located?
LUQ
What is the spleen concealed by?
Anterior: Greater curvature of the stomach and left colic flexure
Posterior: ribs 9-11
Describe the shape of the SI?
C-shaped
Name the 3 parts of the SI?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Describe the position of the jejunum and ileum?
J: upper left abdomen
I: lower right abdomen
Which is longer jejunum or ileum?
Ileum
What are the appearances of the jejunum and ileum?
J: thick, wide and vascular
I: thin, narrow and pale
How many Peyer’s patches and vascular arcades do the jejunum and ileum have?
J: Few and Few
I: Many and Many
How long and how much do the jejunum and ileum have of vasa recti and mesenteric fat?
J: long and less
I: short and more
How is the LI split into 7 segments?
Caecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descedning colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Proximal anus
NAme the 2 flexures of the LI?
Hepatic and splenic
What is the definition of the Teniae coli?
Three longitudinal muscle bands that run along the entire colon
What is the definition of the Haustra coli?
Permanent sacculations between teniae involving circular muscles
What is the definition of the appendices epiploicae
Fatty appendages that are attached to the teniae
Name the 3 parts of the embryonic gut?
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
What forms from the foregut?
Oesophagus, stomach and proximal duodenum
What forms from the midgut?
Distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, proximal colon to splenic flexure
What forms from the hindgut?
Colon distal to splenic flexure, rectum and proximal anus
What blood supply forms from the foregut?
Coeliac artery
What blood supply forms from the midgut?
Superior mesenteric
What blood supply forms from the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric
What is the venous drainage system for the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric vein to splenic vein
What is the venous drainage system for the midgut?
Superior mesenteric vein
Superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein to portal vein
What is the venous drainage system for the foregut?
Drains into portal system
Where does the portal vein travel to?
Liver
What forms the inferior vena cava?
3 hepatic veins
