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3rd Year BDS > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

List the main arteries and veins of the upper limb?

A 
Arteries
- Brachial
- Radial
- Ulnar
Veins
- Superficial
- Cephalic
- Basilic
- Medial cubital
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2
Q

List the main arteries and veins of the lower limb?

A 
Arteries:
- Femoral
- popliteal
- anterior and posterior tibial
- peroneal and dorsalis pedis arteries
Veins:
- femolar
- long
- short saphenous
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3
Q

Where can arterial pulses be located?

A 
Radial 
Brachial
Femoral 
Popliteal 
Dorsalis pedis
Posterior tibial
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4
Q

Arterial pulse points in the arm?

A

Axillary
Radial - distal forearm and anatomical snuffbox
Brachial - mid arm and cubital fossa
Ulnar

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5
Q

Vein pulse points in the leg?

A

Femoral
Posterior tibial
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis

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6
Q

What forms the axillary artery?

A

Subclavian artery

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7
Q

Name the 3 branches of the axillary artery?

A
  1. Superior thoracic
  2. Acromiothoracic and lateral thoracic
  3. Subscapular, anterior humeral circumflex and posterior humeral circumflex
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8
Q

What forms the brachial artery?

A

Axillary

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9
Q

Name the 2 main branches of the brachial artery?

A

Ulnar and radial

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10
Q

What does the radial artery enter?

A

Anatomical snuffbox

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11
Q

Subclavian pulse can be felt where?

A

First rib

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12
Q

Brachial artery pulse can be felt where?

A

Humerus

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13
Q

Radial and ulnar arteries pulse felt where?

A

Wrist

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14
Q

Name the 2 main veins of the arm?

A

Cephalic on radial

Basilic on ulnar

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15
Q

Where does the cephalic vein drain into?

A

Axillary vein

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16
Q

What can the cephalic vein be sued for in emergency situations?

A

Emergency cut down for cannulation

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17
Q

What forms the axillary vein?

A

Basilic and deep veins`

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18
Q

What veins joins the cephalic and basilic veins?

A

Median cubital vein

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19
Q

Which vein is most preferred for venepuncture?

A

Median cubital vein

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20
Q

What forms the femoral artery?

A

External iliac artery

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21
Q

Name the branches of the femoral artery?

A
  • Superficial circumplex iliac
  • Superficial epigastric
  • Superficial external pudendal
    In the thigh:
  • profunda femoris (gives off medial and lateral circumflex branches)
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22
Q

What forms the popliteal artery?

A

Femoral artery

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23
Q

Why is the popliteal artery hard to palpate and so hard to feel the pulse?

A

Covered by a thickening in fascia lata and lies deed in the popliteal fossa

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24
Q

How to properly palpate and feel the popliteal pulse?

A
  • Patient prone
  • Knee flexed
  • Muscles relaxed, by resting leg on examiner’s arm
  • Apply firm pressure downwards against popliteal fossa
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25
Q

Name the 2 main branches of the popliteal artery?

A

Anterior and Posterior tibial

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26
Q

What forms the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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27
Q

Name the branches of the anterior tibial artery?

A

Muscular branches and branches which anastamose around knee and ankle joint

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28
Q

Which branch is larger - Posterior or Anterior tibial?

A

Posterior

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29
Q

Name the branches of the posterior tibial artery?

A

Peroneal
Branches to tibia and ankle joint
Medial and lateral plantar

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30
Q

What does the peroneal artery supply?

A

Popliteus and the fibula

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31
Q

What does the medial and lateral plantar arteries supply?

A

Foot

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32
Q

Name the 2 superficial veins of the leg?

A

Long and Short saphenous

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33
Q

Which vein in the leg is good for venepuncture?

A

Long saphenous vein

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34
Q

What forms the long saphenous vein?

A

Dorsal network of veins

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35
Q

Where does the long saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

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36
Q

What vein can be used for cardiac bypass surgery?

A

Part of the long saphenous vein

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37
Q

Why is the long saphenous vein perfect to replace a coronary artery?

A

The valves do not obstruct arterial flow

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38
Q

What forms the short saphenous vein?

A

from the veins from the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot

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39
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein drain?

A

Popliteal vein

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40
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Superficial veins of lower limb

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41
Q

What are the causes of the pain and discomfort in varicose veins?

A
  • Hereditary weakness of walls and valves
  • Elevated intra-abdominal pressure
  • Thrombophlebitis of deep veins, causing the superficial veins being the main venous pathway
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42
Q

What is the definition of the peritoneum?

A

A thin, transparent squamous epithelium serous membrane that consists of a parietal and visceral layer

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43
Q

What 2 layers does the peritoneum consist of?

A

Parietal

Visceral

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44
Q

How are the layers separated?

A

By capillary films of peritoneal fluid

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45
Q

During development, organs protrude into the peritoneal sac and what happens?

A

Take vessels and nerves with it

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46
Q

How mobile is with viscera with mesentery?

A

Depends of the length of mesentery

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47
Q

As organs develop larger, what happens?

A

Obliterate the peritoneal cavity completely

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48
Q

How is the peritoneal cavity divided?

A

Greater sac and Lesser sac

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49
Q

A surgical incision where with enter the greater sac?

A

Anterior abdominal wall

50
Q

Where is the lesser sac located?

A

Lies posterior to stomach and liver

51
Q

In females, what does the peritoneal cavity communicate with?

A

Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

52
Q

In males, what happens to the peritoneal cavity?

A

Closed

53
Q

What is the definition of the mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum that encloses the organ and connects it to the abdominal wall

54
Q

What is the mesentery of the stomach?

A

Mesogastrium

55
Q

What is the mesentery of the transverse colon?

A

Transverse mesocolon

56
Q

What is the mesentery of the SI?

A

Mesentery

57
Q

What is the name given to viscera with no mesentery?

A

Extraperitoneal

Retroperitoneal

58
Q

What is the definition of retroperitoneal?

A

Area outside or behind the peritoneum

59
Q

What is the definition of peritoneal?

A

WIthin the peritoneum

60
Q

What is the definition of Intraperitoneal?

A

Within the peritoneal cavity, contains abdominal organs

61
Q

What is the definition of extraperitoneal?

A

Outside of the peritoneal cavity

62
Q

What is the definition of the greater omentum?

A

Hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach

63
Q

What does the greater omentum connect the stomach with?

A

Diaphragm
Spleen
Transverse colon

64
Q

Name the 5 peritoneal ligaments associated with the Liver?

A

To abdominal wall:

  • falciform ligament
  • ligamentum teres
  • coronary ligament
  • left and right triangular ligament
65
Q

Name the 4 peritoneal pouches and what gender they are associated with?

A 
Rectouterine pouch (F)
Rectovesical pouch (M)
Vesicouterine pouch (F)
Supracolic and infracolic compartments
66
Q

Where is the lesser sac located?

A

Between the stomach and the posterior abdominal wall

67
Q

What is the lesser sac split into?

A 
Inferior recess (potential space)
Superior recess (limited by diaphragm)
68
Q

How does the lesser sac communicate with the main peritoneal caivty?

A

Epiploic foramen, located at posterior to free edge of lesser omentum

69
Q

Name 2 diseases of the peritoneum?

A

Ascites

Supraphrenic abscess

70
Q

Describe the process of peritoneal dialysis?

A

Dialysis fluid enters abdominal cavity

Fluid and waste drain out

71
Q

Name the 7 organs that form the gastrointestinal system?

A 
Mouth
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
SI
LI
72
Q

Name the 6 organs that are accessory organs to the GI system?

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
73
Q

What region is the RH?

A

Right hypochondriac

74
Q

What region is the RL?

A

Right lumbar

75
Q

What region is the RI?

A

Right inguinal

76
Q

What region is the LH?

A

Left hypochondriac

77
Q

What region is the LL?

A

Left lumbar

78
Q

What region is the LI?

A

Left inguinal

79
Q

What region is the RUQ?

A

Right upper quadrant

80
Q

What region is the LUQ?

A

Left upper quadrant

81
Q

What region is the RLQ?

A

Right lower quadrant

82
Q

What region is the LLQ?

A

Left lower quadrant

83
Q

Name the 3 body cavities?

A

Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

84
Q

By what is the abdominal cavity separated from the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

85
Q

Where to the salivary glands empty into?

A

Oral cavity

86
Q

What leads from the oral cavity?

A

Posteriorly into oropharynx

87
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Naso
Oro
Laryngo (communicates with larynx)

88
Q

What leads from the pharynx?

A

Oesophagus

89
Q

What is the definition of the oesophagus?

A

Collapsed muscular tube, epens inferiorly and the the left into the stomach

90
Q

Where does the oesophagus start?

A

C6

91
Q

Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm

A

T10

92
Q

In what quadrant is the stomach located?

A

LUQ

93
Q

Name the 4 main parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

94
Q

Name the 2 curvatures of the stomach?

A

Lesser

Greater

95
Q

In what quadrant is the liver situated?

A

RUQ

96
Q

What type of organ is the spleen?

A

Lymphatic organ

97
Q

In what quadrant is the spleen located?

A

LUQ

98
Q

What is the spleen concealed by?

A

Anterior: Greater curvature of the stomach and left colic flexure
Posterior: ribs 9-11

99
Q

Describe the shape of the SI?

A

C-shaped

100
Q

Name the 3 parts of the SI?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

101
Q

Describe the position of the jejunum and ileum?

A

J: upper left abdomen
I: lower right abdomen

102
Q

Which is longer jejunum or ileum?

A

Ileum

103
Q

What are the appearances of the jejunum and ileum?

A

J: thick, wide and vascular
I: thin, narrow and pale

104
Q

How many Peyer’s patches and vascular arcades do the jejunum and ileum have?

A

J: Few and Few
I: Many and Many

105
Q

How long and how much do the jejunum and ileum have of vasa recti and mesenteric fat?

A

J: long and less
I: short and more

106
Q

How is the LI split into 7 segments?

A 
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descedning colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Proximal anus
107
Q

NAme the 2 flexures of the LI?

A

Hepatic and splenic

108
Q

What is the definition of the Teniae coli?

A

Three longitudinal muscle bands that run along the entire colon

109
Q

What is the definition of the Haustra coli?

A

Permanent sacculations between teniae involving circular muscles

110
Q

What is the definition of the appendices epiploicae

A

Fatty appendages that are attached to the teniae

111
Q

Name the 3 parts of the embryonic gut?

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

112
Q

What forms from the foregut?

A

Oesophagus, stomach and proximal duodenum

113
Q

What forms from the midgut?

A

Distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, proximal colon to splenic flexure

114
Q

What forms from the hindgut?

A

Colon distal to splenic flexure, rectum and proximal anus

115
Q

What blood supply forms from the foregut?

A

Coeliac artery

116
Q

What blood supply forms from the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric

117
Q

What blood supply forms from the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric

118
Q

What is the venous drainage system for the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein to splenic vein

119
Q

What is the venous drainage system for the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

Superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein to portal vein

120
Q

What is the venous drainage system for the foregut?

A

Drains into portal system

121
Q

Where does the portal vein travel to?

A

Liver

122
Q

What forms the inferior vena cava?

A

3 hepatic veins

3rd Year BDS (21 decks)

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