ANATOMY Flashcards
Layers of the abdominal wall
Skin
Campers fascia (fatty)
Scarpas fascia (membranous)
Muscles
Blood supply to skin, subcu and mons pubis
Superficial epigastric artery
Bllod supply to abdominal muscle and fascia
Deep/inferior epigastric artery
Male homologues
Labia minora
Penile urethra and skin of prnis
Male homologues
Labia majora
Scrotum
Male homologues
Clitoris
Penis
Male homologues
Skenes glands
Prostate gland
Male homologues
Bartholins glands
Cowpers glands
Border of vulva
Superior
Mons pubis
Borders of the vulva
Lateral
Labiocrural fold
Border of the vulva
Inferior
Perineal body
Six openings of the vestibule
Urethra
Vagina
2 bartholin gland ducts (5 and 7 oclock)
2 skene gland ducts (paraurethral)
Perineum
Urogential triangle boundaries
Pubic symphysis (tip) Ischiopubic rami (lateral) Ischial tuberosities
Anal (posterior) triangle
Boundaries
Ischial tuberosities
Sacrotuberous ligaments (lateral)
Coccyx (tip)
Anterior (pubic) triangle Superficial space (7)
Bartholins glands Vestibular bulbs (veins) Clitoral body and crura Pudendal vessels and nerves Ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbocavernosus muscle Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Anterior (pubic) triangle Deep space (2)
Compressor urethrae muscles
Urethrovaginal sphincter muscles
Posterior triangle contains
Ischioanal fossae (fat-filled)
Anal canal
Anal sphincter complex
Puborectalis muscle
Internal anal sphincter
Innervation
Pelvic splanchnic nerve
Internal anal sphincter blood supply
Superior, middle, inferior rectal arteries
External anal sphincter
Innervation
Inferior branch of pudendal nerve
External anal sphincter
Blood supply
Inferior rectal artery
Striated urogenital sphincter complex
Sphincter urethrae
Compressor urethrae
Urethrovaginal urethrae
Bridge over water
Ureter lies underneath the uterine artery
Ovaries in relation to internal iliac vessels
Ovaries are medial
Uterus boood supply
Ovarian artery
Uterine artery
Blood supply to vaginal
Proximal portion
Vaginal artery
Uterine artery
Vaginal blood supply
Posterior vaginal wall
Middle rectal artery
Vaginal blood suoply
Distal portion
Internal pudendal artery
Ligaments of uterus
Round ligament
Broad ligament
Cardinal or Transverse cervical or Mackenrodt ligament (thick base of broad ligament)
Uterosacral ligament
Main support of the uterus
Cardinal ligament
Uterosacral ligament
Structures in broad ligament
2-fold peritoneum
Uterine tube (and mesosalpinx) Ureter Ovarian ligament (and mesovarium) Round ligament Uterine vessels, lymph nodes, nerves Ovarian vessels, lymph nodes, nerves Parametrium
Peritoneum
Mesosalpinx - around fallopian tube
Mesoteres - around round ligament
Mesovarium - over the uterovarian ligament
Tissues
Connetive tissue lateral to the uterus within the broad ligament
Parametrium
Tissue lateral tot eh cervix
Paracervical tissues
Tissue lateral to the vagina
Paracolpium
Arteries entering the true pelvis
MISO Median sacral Internal iliac Superior rectal Ovarian
Blood volume in pregnancy
40-45% above the nonpregnant by 32 to 34 wks aog
Pregancy is a state of hypervolemia secondary to
Blood volume expansion (both plasma ans RBC)
Abnormal hemoglobin levels
1sr tri
Less than 10
Abnormal hemoglobin
2nd tri
Less than 10.5
Abnormal hemoglobin
3rd tri
Less than 11
Average hemoglobin at term
12.5 g/dl
The arterial supply of the placenta which vasodilates but completely loses contractility
Spiral arteries
Potent vasodilator with central role in reduced vascular resistance
Nitric oxide
Hormones and growth factors that augment NO syntase and NO production
Estrogen Progesterone Activin Placental growth factor Vascular endothelial growth factor
Cervical mucus shows poor crystallization
Beading
Hormone responsible for poor crystallization in pregnancy
Progesterone
Presumptive signs of pregnancy
Cessation of menses Beading cervical mucus Chadwicks sign Changes in breast Skin changes — chloasma — melasma — linea nigra — striae gravidarum — spider telangiectasia Increased temperature
seen on glass slide, result of amniotic fluid leakage, arborization of ice crystals
Ferning
Endocervical gland hyperplasia and hypersecretory appearance which is difficult to differentiate from atypical glandular cells
Arias Stella reaction
Greater vascularity and hyperemia in the skin and muscles of perineum, vulva, vagina, and cervix resulting in violet color
Chadwick sign
Presumptive symptoms of pregnancy
Morning sickness
Fatigue
Frequency in urination
Quickening
slightly elevated clear or red patches that bleed easily seen on and just beneath the ovarian surface. Arise from subcoelemic mesenchyme or endometriotic lesions
Decidual reaction
Protein hormone secreted by corpus luteum, decidua, placera, brain, heart and kidney. Aids in remodeling the reproductive tract connective tissue to accomodate labor
Relaxin
Exaggerated physiological follicle stimulation. Usually bilateral, moderately to massively enlarged cystic ovaries due to markedly elavated serum hCG
Theca Lutein Cysts
Hormone involved in decidual reaction
progesterone
Hormone involved in theca lutein cyst
Serum hCG — markedly elevated
peak of hCG
8-10 weeks
Plateau of hCG
16 errks
Morning sickness usually occurs during which AOG.
6-18 weeks
Quickening in primigravid
18-20
Quickening in multigravid
16-20
amenorrhea is not reliable until how long after expected menses?
10 days or more
When does beading usually occur?
6 weeks
Shen does chadwick sign usually occur
6 weeks
Breast engorgement usually starts at?
6-8 weeks
Skichloasma and melasma in pregnancy due to what hormone?
MSH
Striae gravidarum is due to what?
Collagen breakdown
Spider telangiectssia is due to what hormone?
Increased estrogen
Mask of pregnancy
Chloasma/melasma
Darkening of linea alba
Linea nigra
Hormone responsible for increase in temperature in pregnancy
Progesteorone at 6 weeks
Probable evidence
Enlargment of abdomen Hegars Goodells Braxton hicks Physical outlining of the fetus Ballotememt Detection of B hCG
enlargement of abdomen starts at?
6 weeks
When does the uterus become an abdominal organ?
12 weeks
Softening of the uterine isthmus;
Firm cervix now contrasts with softer fundus and isthmus
Hegars sign
Softening of the cervix
Goodells sign
When does goodells and hegars sign appear?
6-8 weeks
When do braxton hicks start?
28 weeks
when does BhCG get detected?
6 days after fettilization
8-9 days post implantation
Sensitivity of pregnancy test?
12.5 mIU/ml (very sensitive)
Rare causes of fale positive pregnancy test
Exogenous hCG injection Renal failure with impaired hCG clearance Physiologic pituitary hCG hCG-producing tumors — usually GI, ovarian, bladder or lung
Mormal pregnancy carbohydrate metabolism is characterized by?
Mild fasting hypoglycemia
Postprandial hyPERglycemia
HYPERinsulinemia
Factors responsible for insulin resistance
Progesterone Placental growth factor Cortisol Lectin TNF
Hormone secreted by adipose tissue
Important for implantation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis
Important for development of pancreas, kidney, heart, brain
Leptin
Low levels of leptin causes what?
Fetal greoth restriction
In pregnancy what happens to lipid, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, TAG, Ce,
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Iron requirements
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Iodine requirements
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Sodium
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
potassium
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Total serum calcium
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Serum magnesium
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Blood volume
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Hgb
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Hct
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Whole blood viscosity
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Immunity
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Th1 response
Th1 secretion of IL2, IF-g, TNG-B
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Th2 secretion of IL4, IL6, IL13
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
IgA and IgG in cervical mucus
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Chemotaxis and adherence
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
WBC count
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
ESR
Increased
*pregnancy is a post inflammatory state
Increased or Decreased?
CRP
increased
Increased or Decreased?
Procalcitonin
Increased in 3rd Tri
Is Pregnancy a hypercoagulable state?
Yes
Increased or Decreased?
Fibrinogen
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Factor VII
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Factor X
Increased
Increased or Decreased?
Plasminogen
Increased
Increased or Decreased? APTT tPA Anticoagulants — protein C — Protein S — Antithrombin III
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Platelet count
Decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Cardiac output
Increases at 5th week
Increased or Decreased?
SVR
decreased
Increased or Decreased?
Plasma volume
Increases at 10-20 weeks
Increased or Decreased?
Preload
In
Increased or Decreased?
Arterial pressure
Dec
Nadir at 24-26 weeks
Increased or Decreased?
Diastolic pressure
Dec
Increased or Decreased?
Renin and angiotensin
Increased
ECG changes due to elevated diaphragm in 3rd tri?
Leftward deviation of the mean QRS axis
Secreted in response to chamber wall stretching
ANP and BNP
principal prostaglandin of the endothelium
Prostacyclin
PGI2
increases in late pregnancy and regulates blood pressure and platelet function, maintains vasodilation
PGI2
Regulates blood volume by natriuresis and diuresis and vascular smooth muscle relaxation
ANP and BNP
Preeclampsia molecular changes
increase — BNP — endothelin 1 Decreased — prostacyclin PGI2 Abnormal synthesis of NO
Produced in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle
Endothelin 1
Production of endothelin 1 is stimulated by which hormones?
Angiotensin II
arginine vasopressin
Thrombin
Potent vasodilator
Nitric oxide
Released by endothelial cells
Mediator of placental vascular tone and development
Nitric oxide
Stimulates secretion of ANP, aldosterone and cathecholamines
Endothelin 1
Increase/Decrease
Peak inspiratory flow rates in pregnancy
Increase progressively
Increase/Decrease
Airway conductance
Inc due to progesterone
Increase/Decrease
Total pulmonary resistance
Dec due to progesterone
Increase/Decrease
Lung compliance
Unchanged
Increase/Decrease
Thoracic circumference
Increase
Increase/Decrease
Thoracic cage
Increase
Increase/Decrease
Serum creatinine
Dec
Increase/Decrease
Crea clearance
Inc by 30%
Urinalysis in pregnancy
May have glucosuria
No proteinuria
May have hematuria
Increased risk of urinary tract infection in pregnancy is due to?
Ureter displacement (lateral) and compression (at pelvic brim) And dilatation (right ureter) and elongation
Urinary incontinence during pregnancy is due to?
Hyperplasia of the bladder muscle which elevates trigone
Reduced bladder capacity due to uterine compression
When to investigate for DM?
UA results of
Glucosuria
Inc GFR
Dec tubular resorption
When is Proteinuria in pregnancy significant?
> 300 mg/dl
Increase/Decrease
GFR in pregnancy
Inc by 50%
How does GFR increase in pregnancy? What hormone is involved?
RELAXIN boosts NITRIC OXIDE production leading to renal vasodilation and lower renal arteriolar resistance
Increase/Decrease
Alkaline Phosphatase
Inc
Increase/Decrease
AST
ALT
Dec
Increase/Decrease
GGT
Dec
Increase/Decrease
Bilirubin
Albumin
Dec
Increase/Decrease
Globulin
Inc
Increase/Decrease
Leucine aminopeptidase
Inc
Gallbladder contractility
Decrease
Due to progesterone
Prone to gallstones
Increase/Decrease
Pituitary size
Increase
Increase/Decrease
Maternal growth hormone
Inc
Increase/Decrease
Placental growth hormone
Increases
Increase/Decrease
Prolactin
Increases
This organ Increases due to estrogen-stimulated hyperplasia of lactotrophs
Pituitary gland
Increase in the pituitary size may lead to?
Compression of optic chiasm and reduction of visual fields
During 10-20 weeks, absence of growth hormone causes regression or cessation of fetal growth. True or false?
False. Fetal growth continues even in the complete absence of maternal growth hormone
Secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts which upregulates insulin-like growth factor for fetal growth
Placental growth hormone
Increased placental growth hormone levels is associated with what disease condition?
Preeclampsia
Increases during normal pregnancy and drops after delivery. Initiates DNA synthesis and mitosis of glandular epithelial cells and presecretory alveolar cells of the breast
Prolactin
Increase/Decrease
Thyrotropin
Increase
When does fetal thyroid begin to concentrate iodine?
10-12 weeks
When does fetal thyroid synthesize thyroid hormone?
20 weeks
Increase/Decrease
Cortisol
Increase
Increase/Decrease
Aldosterone
Increase
How does the principal glucocorticoid, cortisol, increase in pregnancy?
Decreased metabolic clearance
There is no increase in adrenal secretion
Why is there elevated free cortisol in pregnancy
Balance elevated progesterone
Prepare for stress
Modulates trophoblastic growth and placental size
What is the principal mineralocorticoid of pregnancy
Aldosterone
Why is aldosterone increased in pregnancy?
Protect against natriuretic effects of ANP and progesterone
Modulates trophoblastic growth and placental size