Anatomy

Question 1

Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

The axial skeleton as the name implies, consists of those parts near the skeletal axis (the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs and sternum).
The appendicular skeleton, consists of:
• the pectoral/shoulder girdle (scapulae and clavicles) and upper extremities (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges).
• The pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis) and lower extremities (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges).

Question 2

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function

Answer 2

Attachment = attachment points for muscles.
• Protection = for various body organs.
• Movement = attachment of muscles with bones acting as levers.
• Support = organs and tissues require structure i.e., scaffolding.
• Blood cell formation = red and white blood cells.
• Mineral Reservoir e.g. phosphorus and calcium

Question 3

State the four types of bone

Answer 3

1. Long Bones (e.g., femur)
2. ShortBones(e.g.,carpals)
3. FlatBones(e.g.,scapula)
4. Irregular Bones (e.g., vertebrae)

Question 4

Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.

Answer 4

Diaphysis
• Compact bone
• Epiphysis
• Spongy bone
• Articular cartilage
• Bone marrow
• Marrow cavity
• Blood vessel
• Periosteum

Question 5

Outline the function of connective tissue.

Answer 5

Cartilage is a hard, strong connective tissue that provides support for some soft tissues and forms a sliding area for joints so that bones can move easily.
During the fetal stage of development, cartilage forms most of the skeleton. It is gradually replaced by bone. In a mature individual, it is found mainly at the end of bones, in the nose, trachea, and in association with the ribs and vertebrae.

Question 6

What is a ligament?

Answer 6

A ligament is a band of tough fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another, serving to support and strengthen a joint

Question 7

What is a tendon?

Answer 7

Tendons connect muscles to bones. They are specialized skeletal structures that generally transmit muscular pull to bones.

Question 8

Distinguish between the different types of joint in relation to movement permitted

Answer 8

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 9

Outline the features of a synovial joint

Answer 9

Articular cartilage
• Synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid
Viscous, egg white–like consistency, that reduces friction between articular cartilages
proteinaceous material with a transparent and glossy look
Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces of bones. As such, it lies inside the joint cavity of synovial joints, bathed in synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane that lines the walls of the cavity.
• Bursae
Small fluid-filled sac It provides a cushion between bones and
tendons and/or muscles around a joint.
• Meniscus
Rubbery, C-shaped disc that cushions your knee
• Ligaments
• Articular capsule

Question 10

ist the different types of synovial joint

Answer 10

• Ball and socket – Movement in all directions - Shoulder (e.g. butterfly stroke), Hips
• Hinge – Forward and backward movements (e.g. knee, elbow)
• Pivot – Rotation only (e.g. Neck)
• Gliding – two flat parts of bone that slide over one another (e.g vertebrae)
• Condyloid – Oval/egg shaped convex surface that fits into a reciprocally shaped concave surface (e.g. metacarpals, and phalanges in the hand)
• Saddle – flex, extens, abduct and adduc - Thumb (between the first metacarpal and the Trapezium bone of the carpal) - one of the few. Another example is the Sternoclavicular joint