Anatomy Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
What is the front of the face supplied by, cranial or cervical nerves ?
A
Cranial nerves
2
Q
What is the region behind the ear/neck supplied by ?
A
Cervical nerves
3
Q
Which survival nerves supply the head and neck ?
A
Anterior and posterior rami or cervical nerves C2,3,4
4
Q
What does C1 do motor/sensory or both ?
A
Only motor innervation
5
Q
How do sympathetic nerves get to head and neck ?
A
The post-ganglionic fibres form a plexus and hitch hike a ride with blood vessels
6
Q
What surrounds structures of the neck ?
A
Deep fascia
7
Q
What is the compartment with musculature in neck ?
A
Prevertebral
8
Q
What are the vessels of the head and neck enclosed in ?
A
Carotid sheath
9
Q
What are visceral components of the head and neck enclosed in ?
A
Pretracheal
10
Q
Which vessels does the carotid sheath enclose ?
A
Common carotid and internal jugular
11
Q
Which nerve is found in the carotid sheath ?
A
Vagus
12
Q
What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of ?
A
ECA
13
Q
What is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of ?
A
The subclavian artery
14
Q
What does the inferior thyroid vein drain into ?
A
The bracheocephalic trunk
15
Q
How many veins drain the thyroid ?
A
3 Superior, middle and inferior
16
Q
At what vertebral level does the hyoid, thyroid and cricoid cartilages/bones sit ?
A
C3 - Hyoid
C4 - Thyroid
C6 - Cricoid
17
Q
What level does the common carotid artery split ?
A
C4
18
Q
What happens when the SCM contracts ?
A
Head tilts to side of contraction and face turns away from that side
19
Q
What are the four borders of the neck ?
A
Mandible, midline, clavicles and trapezius
20
Q
What is the only artery with branches in the neck ?
A
ECA
21
Q
What might central lines be needed for ?
A
IV fluids
IV antibiotics
Blood samples
22
Q
When shouldn’t a central line be inserted ?
A
In patients with a pneumothorax, sepsis or thrombosis
23
Q
Where does lymph of the head and neck drain ?
A
Cisterna chyli and into the thoracic duct
24
Q
What does the thyroid gland produce ?
A
Thyroid hormone and calcitonin
25
What does Calcitonin do ?
Lowers calcium and raises phosphate
26
What is a thyroglossal cysts an enlargement of ?
A thyroglossal duct remnant
27
What investigation is needed before thyroglossal duct excision ?
USS
Thyroid function tests
FNA
28
What is a cyst ?
Nodule that forms due to localised haemorrhage
29
What is an adenoma ?
Nodule that forms from benign follicular tissue
30
How do you investigate thyroid nodules ?
FNA aspiration
USS
Biopsy to distinguish between adenoma and carcinoma
31
What is colloid goitre ?
Colloid nodules, also known as adenomatous nodules or colloid nodular goitre are benign, noncancerous enlargement of thyroid tissue.
32
What happens to the thyroid is Grave's disease ?
Enlarges
33
What is Grave's disease ?
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid.
34
How does Grave's disease present
- Enlargement of your thyroid gland
- Change in menstrual cycles
- Erectile dysfunction or reduced libido
- Frequent bowel movements
- Bulging eyes
- Fatigue
35
How is Grave's disease diagnosed ?
- TSH (low levels) and thyroid hormones (high levels) blood test
- USS
- Thyroid radioactive isotope scan
36
How is Grave's disease treated ?
- Radioactive iodine therapy
- Anti-thyroids
- Beta blockers
- Surgery
37
When is a thyroidectomy done ?
Thyroidectomy is used to treat thyroid disorders, such as cancer, noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) and overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).
38
Who is Grave's disease common in ?
Women middle-aged
Hyperthyroidism's
Eye signs
39
Who is toxic goitre common in ?
Older people
No eye signs
AF
40
What is toxic goitre ?
Toxic multinodular goiter is an active multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism.
41
How is toxic goitre diagnosed ?
Hormone test - TSH and thyroid hormones
FNA
USS
Thyroid radioactive isotope scan
42
What happens when the parathyroid glands don't work?
Hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism is where the parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too much parathyroid hormone.
43
High levels of which mineral are seen in parathyroid disease ?
Calcium
44
How does parathyroid disease present ?
```
Abdominal pain
Depressed low mood
Aching bones
Constipation
Weight loss
```
45
How do you investigate parathyroid disease ?
Blood tests - raised calcium and elevated parathyroid hormone
Kidney imaging e.g. X-Ray for stones
CT/USS
46
How is parathyroid disease treated ?
Removal of some glands but leaves others
47
What is a tracheostomy ?
A tube is inserted through a cut in the neck below the vocal cords. This allows air to enter the lungs. Breathing is then done through the tube, bypassing the mouth, nose, and throat.
48
Why is a tracheostomy performed ?
- To protect the airways
| - If the airways are obstructed
49
What is stridor ?
Stridor is a high-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow.
50
Wha causes inspiratory stridor ?
Glottic obstruction or above
51
What causes expiratory stridor ?
Tracheal obstruction
52
What causes biphasic stridor ?
Obstruction between glottis and trachea
53
How is stridor treated ?
Treat with O2
IV corticosteroids
Airway management
Surgery
54
What do the nasal airways do ?
Warm and humidify air
55
What generate laminar flow in the nose ?
The septum and turbinates
56
What do sinuses store ?
Warm humidified air
57
What epithelium type is the outer 1/3rd of the nose ?
Stratified squamous epithelium with nasal hairs
58
What type of epithelium is the inner 2/3rds of the nose ?
Pesudostratified columnar with cilia
59
Which antibodies does nasal mucus contain ?
IgA and IgE
60
What is the function of the Eustacian tube ?
Drainage of the middle air and pressure equalisation
61
What is the function of sinuses ? (4)
Impact zones
Lightens skull
Stores warm humidified air
Vocal resonance
62
What makes up the bones section of the nose ?
Nasal bones and the maxilla
63
What is the region above the nose known as ?
Glabella
64
What is the region between the nostrils called ?
Collumnella
65
What separates the nose from the orbits ?
Lamina papyracea
66
What makes up the septum of the nose ? (3)
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Septal cartilage
67
Where does the cartilage get its blood supply from ?
The mucosa overlying it
68
What are septal haematomas caused by ? (2)
Trauma
| Drugs
69
Why do you get a running nose whilst crying ?
The nasolacrimal duct drains lacrimal secretions into the nose.
70
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain ?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
71
Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells drain ?
Middle meatus
72
Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells drain ?
Anterior meatus
73
Where do the frontal and maxillary sinuses drain ?
Middle meatus
74
Blockage of which sinus results in Potts puffy ?
Frontal sinus
75
What is orbital cellulitis ?
Orbital cellulitis is inflammation of eye tissues behind the orbital septum. It is most commonly caused by an acute spread of infection into the eye socket from either the adjacent sinuses or through the blood
76
How is sinusitis treated ?
```
Antibiotics
Saline nasal spray
Nasal corticosteroids
Analgesics
Surgery may be needed for remove polyp
```
77
Which 3 structures are found near the sphenoid sinus ?
Optic nerve, carotids and pituitary gland
78
What is sinusitis ?
Sinusitis is swelling of the sinuses, usually caused by an infection.
79
What are the risk during sinusitis surgery ?
CSF leak
| Meningitis
80
Which arteries supply blood to the nose ?
Internal and external carotids
81
Which arteries are branches of the internal carotids that supply the nose ?
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal
82
Which arteries are branches of the external carotids that supply the nose ?
Sphenopalatine and superior labial
83
What is the common site called where nose bleeds occur ?
Little's area
84
How do you control nose bleeds ?
Pinch the soft area of the nose
85
What innervates the nose ?
Trigeminal branches V1 and V2
86
Where is nasopharyngeal carcinoma usually seen ?
Fossa of Rosenmuller
87
Where are sound waves converted to nerve impulses ?
Inner ear
88
Via which nerve are impulses from the ear transmitted to the brain ?
Cr.N.8
89
What type of epithelium is the pinna made up of ?
Stratified keratinised squamous epithelium
90
Where are the sebaceous and ceruminous glands found in the ear ?
Outer 1/3rd of canal
91
What changes from the outside of the ear to the inside ?
No wax, no hairs, no cilia
92
Where is skin constantly shed from in the ear ?
The umbo
93
What is Otitis Externa ?
Infection of the outer ear due to warm and wet conditions
94
Which bacteria commonly cause Otitis Externa ?
Pseudomonas and S.aureus
95
How is Otitis Externa treated ?
Antibiotic ear drops
96
What are the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane ?
The cuboidal epithelium, a middle fibrous layer and an outer layer continuous with the skin.
97
What does the middle ear contain ?
Round and oval window
Facial nerve
Ossicles
Eustacian tube opening
98
What are the names of the 3 ossicles ?
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
99
What may disrupt the ossicles ?
Trauma
| Otoscleorsis
100
What is the function of the middle ear ?
To convert mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses
101
Which two areas do the Eustacian tube connect ?
The middle ear and the nasopharynx
102
What is acute otitis media ?
Infection of the middle ear lining, causes a bulging tympanic membrane with pus.
103
When does acute otitis media improve ?
When the tympanic membrane perforates and the pus is released
104
What is a complication of acute otitis media ?
Pus gets into the mastoid bone causing mastoiditis
105
What is otitis media with effusion ?
Fluid builds up in the middle ear cavity
106
What are the symptoms of otitis media ?
Hearing loss
Pain
Pus discharge
107
How is otitis media with effusion managed ?
Wait and watch for 3 months. Grommets if no improvement.
108
How is acute otitis media treated ?
Antibiotics
109
What is cholesteatoma ?
The TM is sucked inwards due to a negative pressure, a pouch forms and keratin collects in it.
110
How is cholesteatoma treated ?
Surgery is usually needed tympanoplasty to fix. If mastoid bone is involved then may need a mastoidectomy.
111
What are the complications that can arise from acute otitis media and cholesteatoma ?
Brain abscess
Meningitis
Facial nerve palsy
Sepsis
112
How many segments does the facial nerve have ?
6
113
What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve ?
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
```
114
What does the facial nerve supply ?
Muscles of facial expression
Posterior belly of digastric
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
115
What does the facial nerve input to the tongue ?
Taste to the anterior 2/rds of the tongue
116
What is the path of the facial nerve ?
Pons through the Internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and then the stylomastoid foramen.
117
What is contained in the bony labyrinth ?
Perilymph
118
What is contained in the membraneous labyrinth ?
Endolymph
119
What does the vestibular apparatus do ?
Helps with posture and balance
120
What does the cochlear do ?
Helps with hearing
121
What inputs effect the vestibular apparatus ?
Proprioceptors and visual inputs
122
Which reflex do the semi-circular canals controls ?
Vestibulo-occular reflex
123
What is the Vesitbulo-occular reflex ?
Allows you to fix your eyes on a certain point whilst moving your head
124
Which 3 nerves give sensation to the inner ear ?
Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus
125
Which part of the ear does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate ?
Middle ear
126
Which part of the ear does the facial nerve innervate ?
Anterior 1/2th of the EAC
127
Which part of the ear does the vagus nerve innervate ?
Posterior 1/2th of the EAC
128
What is pure tone audiometry ?
Identifies hearing threshold of an individual
129
What is the right and left ear shown as on a pure tone audiometry graph ?
Left crosses and right circles
130
What is loudness measured in ?
dB
131
What is pitch measured in ?
Hertz
132
What is normal hearing loudness ?
0-20 dB
133
A gap of an audiometry graph indicates ...
Conductive hearing loss
134
A downward travelling line on an audiometry graph indicates ...
Sensorineural hearing loss
135
How does tympanometry work ?
Changes in air pressure cause the tympanic membrane to move and these are recorded.
136
What does the labial frenulum connect ?
The lip and gum
137
What does the lingual frenulum connect ?
The tongue and floor of mouth
138
What are the two parts of the oral cavity ?
The oral cavity proper and oral vestibule
139
Where does the oral cavity run between ?
The lips and palatoglossal arch, from the hard palate to the floor of the mouth
140
What is the name of the duct coming from the parotid gland ?
Stensons duct
141
What is the name of the duct coming from the submandibular gland ?
Wharton's duct
142
Which muscle does the parotid duct pierce through ?
Buccinator
143
Where does the parotid duct open up in the mouth ?
Opposite the 2nd upper molar
144
What are the superficial and deep lobes of the submandibular separated by ?
The myohyoid muscle
145
What is the lingual nerve a branch of ?
V3
146
What are the functions of the oral cavity ?
```
Chewing
Digestion
Speech
Swallowing
Taste
```
147
Which papillae are the most numerous ?
Filiform
148
Which papillae have taste buds ?
Fungiform and folliate
149
Which papillae are placed anteriorly to the sulcus terminalis ?
Circumvilliate papillae
150
Which brachial arch does the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue come from ?
1st
151
Which brachial arch does the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue come from ?
3rd arch
152
Which tongue muscles does the hypoglossal serve and which one is the exception ?
All except the palatoglossus which is innervated by vagus through the pharyngeal plexus.
153
What are the borders of the oropharynx ?
Soft palate and glottis, palatoglossus to posterior pharyngeal wall
154
Which nerves supply oropharynx ?
Cranial nerves 9 and 10
155
Which 3 arteries supply the hypopharynx ?
Superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal and lingual artery
156
What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx ?
The glottis to the cricoid cartilage
157
What are the 3 sections of the hypopharynx ?
The pyriform fossa
Post-cricoid area
posterior pharyngeal wall
158
What is the function of the larynx ?
Voice production, it manipulates pitch and volume
159
What are the 3 parts of the glottis and where do they extend to ?
Supraglottis - Epiglottis to false vocal cords
Glottis - False and true vocal cord space
Subglottis - True vocal cords to cricoid cartilage
160
What are the two arytenoid cartilages ?
Cuneiform and Corniculate
161
What nerve are all intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated by ?
Recurrent laryngeal
162
What is the cricothyroid muscle innervated by ?
External laryngeal nerve
163
Which nerve is the supraglottic region innervated by ?
Internal laryngeal nerve
164
Which nerve innervates the glottic and subglottic regions ?
Recurrent laryngeal
165
What control resonance ?
Oral and nasal balace
166
What is articulation of speech based on ?
Teeth, lips and tongue
167
What is prosody ?
Production of syllable stress and emphasis
168
What is prosody associated with ?
Brocas area (44, 45)
169
Which structures run through the parotid gland ?
Retromandibular vein
ECA
Facial nerve
170
What is globs ?
The feeling of something being stuck in your mouth
171
What is Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma ?
Cancer that originates in the lymphatic system and spreads through the body.
172
Which muscle is found around the uvula ?
Muscular uvulae
173
What are the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles called ?
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus
174
What does genioglossus do ?
Protrudes the tongue
175
What does styloglossus do ?
Retracts the tongue
176
What does Hyoglossus do ?
Depresses the tongue
177
What does palatoglossus do ?
Elevates the tongue and changes the shape of the oropharynx when swallowing
178
Which two muscles work to pull the palate down ?
Palatoglossus
| Palatopharyngeus
179
Which two muscle work to pull the palate up ?
Tensor Veli Palatini
| Levator Veli Palatini
180
What supplies tensor deli palatini ?
V3 of trigeminal
181
Which muscle helps to open the Eustacian tube ?
Salpingopharyngeus
182
What is the name of the lymphatic tissue surrounding the eustachian tube ?
Adenoids
183
What is the space called between the back of the tongue and the epiglottis ?
Vallecula
184
What is the space down the side running away from the Vallecula called ?
Piriform fossa
185
Which nerve emerges through the mental foramen and what is it a branch of ?
The inferior alveolar nerve and its a branch of V3.
186
Which eye muscles intort (2) ?
Superior oblique and superior rectus
187
Which 3 eye muscles abduct ?
The superior and inferior oblique and the lateral rectus
188
Which nerve supplies the lateral rectus ?
Abducens
189
Which nerve supplies the superior oblique ?
Trochlear
190
What is the function of the check ligaments ?
They prevent over abduction and adduction
191
What is the function of the suspensory ligaments ?
They hold the eye in place
192
What is the function of myoepithelial cells ?
The helps to contract and expel the contents of the acini they surround
193
What type of epithelium is the tongue made out of ?
Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
194
What is the epithelium of the middle ear ?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
195
Which type of muscle fibres are seen in the tongue ?
Skeletal muscle fibres
