anatomy Flashcards
What is anatomy?
- science of structure revealed by dissection and imaging
- i.e. microscopic, cytology, histology etc…
What is physiology?
- science of body functions, use normal adult physiology
- i.e. cell, systems, exercise, neuro, reproductive, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal etc…
What is anatomical position?
- standing upright head level, eyes forward
- feet flat on the floor
- arms at the sides, palms turned forward
What is prone?
Hint - face is protected
if body is lying face down
What is supine?
if body is lying face up
What are regional terms (medial, lateral, superior, inferior)?
used to precisely locate one part of body relative to another → reduces lengths of descriptions
What are planes in anatomy (sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal)?
imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body/organs into definite areas
What are sections in anatomy and how are they named?
- flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures
- named according to plane on which the cut is made
What are body cavities? provide examples.
Hint - spaces which do what for organs?
- spaces within the body which help protect, separate and support internal organs
- i.e. dorsal cavity lined by meninges, cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity divided by the mediastinum, pleural cavities enclose lungs, pericardial cavity surrounds heart
Which two portions is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into and which viscera can be found contained in each one?
(Hint - superior and inferior → superior = SSPLGSL and inferior = BIL)
- superior abdominal cavity → stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines
- inferior pelvic cavity → bladder, portions of the large intestine and internal reproductive structures
What is:
a) palpitation? provide examples.
b) auscultation? provide examples.
c) percussion? provide examples.
a) examiner feels body surfaces with hands i.e. pulse and HR
b) examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs i.e. listening to lungs/heart with a stethoscope
c) examiner taps on body surface with fingertips and listens to resulting echo i.e. looking for masses (dull) or air (hyper-resonant)
What is medical imaging and what does it allow?
- specialised branch of anatomy and physiology for diagnosis of some disorders
- physicians to view inside body to observe whether anatomy is present → to diagnose disease
Which six analysis techniques, other than medical imaging, are also commonly-used and when is each one required?
(Hint - DAS my PET)
- conventional radiography - a single burst of x-rays to produce 2-D image on film with a poor resolution of soft tissues (CXR or AXR) → osteology
- computed tomography/CT scan - moving x-ray beam to produce 3D video monitor of a cross-section through body → soft tissue detail
- digital subtraction angiography (DSA) - radiopaque material injected into blood vessels → image before and after compared by computer
- ultrasound scan (USS) - safe method using a hand-held device which emits high-frequency sound waves so sonogram displayed → foetal ultrasound, examination of pelvic and abdominal organs, heart + blood flow
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - body exposed to protons aligned in a high-energy magnetic field to create a video image of fine detail within soft tissues → can’t use on patients with metal in their body
- positron-emission tomography (PET) - positively-charged substance injected, collides with negatively-charged electrons in tissues releasing γ rays detected by a camera and displayed on a computer
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle and which fuse to form the L + R innominate bones or coxae?
- ilium x 2
- ischium x 2
- pubis x 2
- sacrum
- (coccyx)
- ilium, ischium and pubis fuse
For the pelvic cavity, what is the:
a) superior border?
b) inferior border?
c) lateral border?
d) anterior border?
e) posterior border?
(Hint - SILAP and I DOPP)
a) pelvic inlet (abdominal cavity)
b) pelvic diaphragm (perineum below)
c) (hip bones), obturator internus muscle
d) pubic bones/symphysis
e) piriformis muscle and sacrum (+ coccyx)
Which two structures form the roof of the pelvic cavity?
Hint - PA and L
• promontory and ala of sacrum
• L + R linea terminalis:
- arcuate line, pectineal line (pectin pubis) and pubic crest → marks the plane of the pelvic inlet
What does the pelvic inlet separate?
true (greater) pelvis pelvis from the false (lesser) pelvis
What is a true pelvis and a false pelvis?
- true → short, curved canal which contains the pelvicinlet
- false → supports intestines and transmits part of weight to anterior wall of the abdomen
What are the pelvic diaphragm muscles?
Hint - IL
- ischiococcygeus (between ischial spine and sacrum)
- levator ani (muscular sheet)
What are the three parts of the levator ani muscle and what is its role in the pelvis?
(Hint - prefix always pubo/ilio and suffix coccygeus/rectalis + role is to do with bladder 300ml even when sneezing)
• made up of: - iliococcygeus - pubococcygeus - puborectalis • assists in maintaining continence (micturition reflex) + resisting pressure during coughing or sneezing → must relax allow urination + defecation
What are the differences in the male and female pelvis in terms of the:
a) sacrum?
b) coccyx?
c) greater sciatic notch?
d) pelvic inlet?
e) pelvic outlet?
a)
• M - narrow and longer with sacral promontory more ventral
• F - wider and shorter with sacral curvature is accentuated
b)
• M - less movable + curves ventrally
• F - more movable + straighter
c)
• M - narrow and deep
• F - wide and shallow
d)
• M - narrow → heart-shaped
• F - wider → oval from side to side
e)
• M - narrower → ischial tuberosities longer, sharper + point more medially
• F - wider → ischial tuberosities shorter, farther apart, and everted
What are the three types of pelvic ligaments?
Hint - FAP
- articular → fibrous tissue joining bone-to-bone
- peritoneal → folds of peritoneal membrane
- foetal remnants → remains of tubular structures
What are the different articular ligaments of the pelvis and do they join at the joints or elsewhere?
(Hint - LSPs and SIS → ic and st)
• at joints: - lumbosacral (iliolumbar + lumbosacral) ligaments - sacrococcygeal ligaments - sacroiliac ligaments - pubic (symphysis) ligaments • elsewhere - inguinal ligaments - sacrospinous ligaments - sacrotuberous ligaments
What do both the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments create and prevent?
- create foramina of greater and lesser sciatic notches
- prevent rotation of ilium wrt. sacrum
Which three structures pass through pelvic foramina?
Hint glo Fs
- greater sciatic foramen
- lesser sciatic foramen
- obturator foramen
What is the peritoneum of the pelvis and which types of tissue are found here?
- a serous membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity
- mesothelial + areolar CT, over organs in pelvic cavity
What type of organs are most pelvic organs and what are the exceptions to this?
- sub/infra-peritoneal
- exception → uterine tubes are intraperitoneal + suspended by a mesentery (ovaries also suspended by a mesentery but not covered in regular peritoneum)
What are the three peritoneal reflections and are they are found in males or females?
- rectouterine pouch of Douglas: between rectum and uterus (F)
- uterovesical pouch: between bladder and uterus (F) → sometimes called vesicouterine excavation
- rectovesical pouch: between bladder and rectum (M)
What can drain into peritoneal pouches and how can this be clinically dealt with?
- pus and pathological fluid can drain into these pouches
- by drainage of pus in the peritoneal cavity
Name the 4 female reproductive organs and their numbers.
- uterus
- uterine tubes x2
- ovaries x2
- vagina
What is the uterus and what does the cervix allow?
- an external environment within the body where a foetus develops
- passage of various substances between uterus and vagina
What are the three main parts of the uterus?
- fundus (above the level of entry of uterine tubes)
- body (flattened anteroposteriorly, stretchy + muscular)
- cervix (opens into vagina and more muscular than other structures)
Why must the cervix be kept tight during pregnancy?
to protect the foetus from infection and keep it in place
What are the three different layers of the uterus?
Hint -metrium = uterus
- epimetrium/perimetrium → derived from the peritoneum, a thin layer
- myometrium → SM and a thick layer
- endometrium → inner mucous coat which sheds in menses
What are the different structural supports of the uterus?
Hint - pd, the silver membrane and BRUC ligaments with the widest having 3 meso parts
- pelvic diaphragm (active support)
- perineal body
- broad ligament (double layer of peritoneum):
• mesometrium: mesentery of uterus
• mesosalpinx: mesentery of uterine tube
• mesovarium: mesentery of ovary - uterosacral ligament (cervix to sacrum)
- cardinal ligament (cervix to ischial spine)
- round ligament
What is the mesentery used for in the ovaries, which structures surround the ovary and which structures branch off from the uterine tube?
- thick muscular layer used for support
- fimbriae
- blood vessels
State what each of the following mean: a) anteverted b) retroverted (Hint - ante = FRONT - retro = BACK - version = angle between cervix and vagina - flexed = angle between cervix and uterus)
a) axis of cervix tilted forwards in relation to vaginal axis
b) axis of cervix tilted back in relation to the vaginal axis
What angle of the vagina, cervix and uterus is shown when the:
a) vagina, cervix and uterus are tilted backwards?
b) head vagina, cervix and uterus are twisted backwards onto rectum?
c) vagina, cervix and uterus are twisted forward?
d) vagina, cervix and uterus are tilted forward around 80°?
a) retroverted
b) retroflexed
c) anteflexed
d) anteverted
How does the uterus change position as the bladder and rectum fill?
(Hint - rectouterine pouch and ureterovesical pouch with vesico less twisted forwards)
- as rectum fills → its pressed forwards onto uterus
- as bladder fills → it pushes up on uterus, less anteflexed
What is meany by each anatomical variant of uterus positioning in terms of vagina position and version?
a) anteflexed
b) anteversion
c) retroflexed
d) retroversion
(Hint - eversion on anything which ends in version)
a) bending towards front → no eversion, not bent here
b) towards the front → eversion = not flexed
c) bending towards the back → retroversion towards the back
d) towards the back → eversion = not flexed
