Anatomy Flashcards
what are the two anatomical components of the respiratory system?
the upper respiratory tract AND the lower respiratory tract
which anatomical structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Which anatomical structures are part of the lower respiratory tract also known as the respiratory tree?
Trachea Right and left main bronchus Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
What is your larynx?
Voice box
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx = posterior to the nasal cavity Oropharynx = posterior to the oral cavity Laryngopharynx = posterior to the larynx
At the level of _______ the larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus.
C6 vertebra
What does C6 vertebra mark?
The difference between the upper and lower respiratory tract
What is the anatomical name for your jaw bone?
The mandible
what is the function of the epiglottis?
To seal off the windpipe during eating
where is the epiglottis located?
Behind the tongue and at the top of the larynx
what does the respiratory tree describe?
It describes the anatomy of the lower respiratory tract airways from the trachea to the alveoli
There is ____ lobar bronchus for each of the ___ lung lobes.
One lobar bronchus for each of the 5 lung lobes
How many lobar bronchus are in the right lung?
3
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2
the lobar bronchi bifurcates into?
10 segmental bronchi
There are 10 segmental bronchi in each lung. True or false?
True
Name the 5 lung lobes
the right upper, middle and lower lobes
the left upper and lower lobes
what is a bronchopulmonary segment?
an area of the lung lobe that each of the segmental bronchi supply with air
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?
10
what are fissures?
deep crevices that separate the lobes from each other
what and where is the lingual?
a tongue like extension from bottom of the upper lobe on the left lung
what does each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have?
its own air supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply
What lines the inside of the bronchial tree (except for the distal bronchioles and alveoli)?
Respiratory epithelium, mucous glands, cilia
what does a mucous gland look like on a gram stain?
a white circle
what parts of the respiratory tree aren’t lined with respiratory epithelium?
the bronchioles and the alveoli
what are alveoli?
Thin walled air sacs
what supports the walls of the trachea and all the bronchi?
Hyaline cartilage
Alveoli have smooth muscle in their walls. True or false?
False
in which part of the respiratory tree is smooth muscle the most prominent?
the bronchioles
what is the cartilage responsible for?
keeping the respiratory tract open
What do pulmonary lymphatics prevent?
Build up of tissue fluid, could lead to oedema
What are the main requirements to ensure that enough O2 and CO2 can diffuse between alveolus and blood at the pulmonary capillary beds?
- Sufficient, functioning lung tissue
- sufficient O2 in the air we breathe in
- No CO2 in the air we breathe in
- Minimal thickness of the walls of the alveoli to facilitate gaseous diffusion
- minimal tissue fluid ain the tissue spaces around alveolar capillaries
What can affect the free movement of air in and out of our lungs?
Constriction of the respiratory tract (asthma)
Swelling of the mucosa lining and overproduction of mucous (asthma)
External tumour compressing the tract
Foreign bodies
What separates the 2 nasal cavities?
The nasal septum
Is the bony part of the nasal septum the anterior or posterior part?
Posterior
What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?
The midline of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
What cartilages make up the larynx?
the epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
the 2 arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)
What is the trachea in relation to the larynx?
An inferior continuation of the larynx
What are the functions of the larynx?
cartilages help to keep the URT open
The vocal cords help to prevent the entry of foreign bodies to the LRT
Produces sound - the vocal cords
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?
Elastic
What is the biggest section of cartilage in the larynx?
The thyroid cartilage
What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages?
To move the vocal cords and change the pitch of sound produced by the larynx
What is the rima glottides?
The narrowest bit of the larynx
What do the vocal ligaments/cords do?
Airway protection - can stimulate cough reflex (by the vocal cords slamming shut)
Voice production
What is phonation?
Producing sound by expiring air across the vocal cords making the cords vibrate to produce sound
What is articulation?
Producing speech by modifying the sound in the nose or mouth
What does the Heimlich Manoeuvre aim to do?
Raise the abdominal pressure
Which will:
- force the diaphragm superiorly
- raise the pressure in the chest
- raise the pressure in the lungs
- force air from the lungs into the trachea
- force air through the rima glottides to expel the foreign body out of the URT
We must ensure that we move ____, _____ and ____ air into and out of our lungs
warm, moist and clean
What is the danger of cooling and drying out the respiratory tract?
Damages the mucociliary escalator (sweeping of the cilia)
Predisposes to infection
What and where are the conchae?
In the nasal cavity, 3 of them, they are covered in mucosa with a rich arterial blood supply in order to warm the air as it enters by producing a turbulent flow of air, which brings the air into contact with the walls
How do we heat up and humidify the air we breathe in?
Heat up due to a rich arterial blood supply in the conchae
Humidify due to mucous secreted on the mucosa, which provides moisture
How does the conchae clean the air?
The mucous is sticky so traps potentially infected particles.
How do the tonsils aid in the cleaning of the air?
Produce white blood cells in the defence against infection
What system are the tonsils part of?
Lymphatic system
Where are the tonsils located?
Within the mucosa lining the pharynx
What is the normal route for breathing air in?
Nasal cavities Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea
What are the lungs protected by?
The chest wall
What makes up the chest wall?
Skin and fascia Bones Skeletal muscles Diaphragm (internal chest wall) Parietal pleura (lines the cavity which holds the lung) of the chest wall
What makes up the thoracic skeleton?
12 pairs of ribs Intercostal spaces Costal margin 12 thoratic vertebrae Clavicle and scapula Sternum
What makes up the sternum?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid, sternal angle
What is a sternoclavicular joint?
Sternocostal (joins the sternum and the clavicle) articulation with costal cartilage of rib 1
Where is the sternal angle found in relation to the ribs?
At the level of rib 2
What does the head of the rib articulate with?
the body of the vertebra of the same number and the body or the vertebra superiorly (ie: rib 2 with joint to vertebrae T2 and T1)
What does the rib tubercle articulate with?
The transverse process of the vertebra of the same number
What is the rib angle?
Where the shaft subtly changes direction
What is the costal groove of a rib?
An inferior groove on the deep surface of the ribs for the intercostal neurovascular bundle
Is the head of the rib the anterior or posterior part of the rib?
Posterior part
What does a costochondral joint connect?
The rib to the costal cartilage
What type of joint is the sternocostal joint?
Synovial
What are the 3 layers of skeletal muscles located between the ribs (within the intercostal spaces)?
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
When you breathe how does the chest wall expand?
By pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards
What are the 4 muscles involved in breathing?
The primary muscles of respiration and the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Where is the pleural cavity?
Located in the chest wall between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura
What is the pleural cavity?
A space that surrounds the lung in the 3 dimensions apart from where the main bronchus enters it
What is the visceral pleura?
The ‘skin’ attached to the lung lobes
What is the parietal pleura?
The internal lining of the chest wall
where can the trachea be palpated?
at the jugular notch of the manibrium
what is the isthmus of the thyroid gland and where does it sit?
it is a bridge of hyaline cartilage sitting just above the jugular notch in front of tracheal rings 2-4
what is the mediastinum?
a midline cavity, containing the heart and the great vessels
What are the layers of the chest wall?
Skin, fascia (superficial and deep= thin but strong), skeletal muscle, bone/joints, parietal pleura
How does the embryonic lung develop?
begins as a lung bud that pushes out from the mediastinum. It displaces (NOT entering) the pleura so that the visceral pleura surrounds it.
what are the three layers of skeletal muscle located between the ribs and within the intercostal spaces?
external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
innermost intercostal muscles
what is the purpose of the intercostal muscles?
to make the chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards.
how many intercostal spaces are there?
11 pairs of spaces
Each intercostal space carries a neuro-vascular bundle, what does this contain and between which layers is it found?
Vein, artery and nerve.
Found between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers
where does the intercostal nerve come from?
the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve
where does the blood supply to the neurovascular bundle found in the intercostal space come from?
2 artery origins:
- anteriorly from the internal thoracic artery
- posteriorly from the thoracic aorta
Dual drainage from the veins:
- anterior spaces by the internal thoracic vein
- posterior spaces by the azygous aorta
Where is the intercostal neurovascular bundle located?
on the inferior surface of the rib where the costal groove is
Where is the collateral neurovascular bundle located?
This smaller bundle is located on the superior surface of the rib
The diaphragm is an ____ part of the body wall. It forms the ___________ and the ___________.
an internal part
forms the floor of the chest cavity and the roof of the abdominal cavity
Which dome of the diaphragm is higher than the other?
The right, due to the inferior presence of the liver
What nerve supplies the muscular parts of the diaphragm?
the phrenic nerve
where does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach to?
the sternum
the lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
L1-3 vertebral bodies
The diaphragm is ___ muscle so is under _____ control so is _____ and part of the body wall.
skeletal muscle
voluntary control
somatic
What are the phrenic nerves combined of?
the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C3,4 and 5
Where are the phrenic nerves found?
In the neck: on the anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle.
In the chest: descending over the lateral aspects of the heart
In the lungs: sits anterior to the root of the lung
REMEMBER: It runs over both sides
What does the phrenic nerve supply to the diaphragm?
somatic, motor axons
what are the 4 quadrants that the female breast is divided into?
superolateral quadrant (upper outlet) superomedial quadrant (upper inner) inferomedial quadrant (lower inner) inferolateral quadrant (lower outer)
what areas should you be examining in a full examination of the female breast?
the 4 quadrants, nipple, areola (bit surrounding the nipple), the axillary tail and the regional lymphatics
Where do the lateral quadrants of the breast drain lymphatically to?
the axillar nodes
where do the medial quadrants drain lymphatically to?
the parasternal nodes located in the lateral aspects of the stermun (both right and left, so will pass the midline)
Where can the sternal angle be palpated?
at the level of costal cartilage 2/rib 2
where is the cephalic vein located?
in the delto-pectoral groove
what does the long thoracic nerve supply?
the serratus anterior
what is the function of the serratus anterior?
to anchor the scapula to the ribs
what does paralysis of serratus anterior cause?
a winged scapula - the scapula sticks out
at which anatomical point does the name of the subclavian artery change to the axillary artery?
when it passes rib one
name the different parts of the parietal pleura.
cervical
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal
Where is the right costophrenic angle?
at the most inferior part of the pleural cavity
what 7 structures are in the root of the lung?
1 main bronchus 1 pulmonary artery 2 pulmonary veins lymphatics visceral afferents sympathetic nerves parasympathetic nerves
The pulmonary arteries carry ____ blood and the pulmonary veins carry _____ blood.
deoxygenated - artery
oxygenated - vein
what is a visceral afferent?
a sensory nerve to an organ structure
what does afferent mean?
sensory nerve
what does efferent mean?
motor nerve
where do you auscultate to hear the middle lobe?
on the right hand side, between ribs 4 and 6 in the mid-clavicular line
where do you auscultate to hear the lung apex?
in the root of the neck, superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle
what rib does the horizontal fissure on the right lung follow?
rib 4
Which ribs do the oblique fissures on both the left and right lung follow?
rib 6 anteriorly rising to the T3 vertebral level posteriorly
