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principles week 7 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of nerves?

A

Allows us to sense both internal and external environments

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2
Q

What are the sensory functions?

A
  • pain
  • touch
  • temperature
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3
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  • taste
  • smell
  • sight
  • hearing
  • balance
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4
Q

Reflex functions include what?

A

A sensory input and a motor output

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5
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
  • autonomic nerves
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7
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

A

The neuron

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8
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Extensions of the neuron

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9
Q

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

A ganglion

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10
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the CNS and PNS?

A
  • CNS; tract

- PNS; nerve

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11
Q

Describe the peripheral nerves

A

Bundles of axons (nerve fibres) wrapped in connective tissue. Travelling to / from the same region or structure. Bundles of axons can leave as branches

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12
Q

What nerves are named?

A

The larger nerves supplying body wall, body cavities and organs

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13
Q

What are the six modalities of axons?

A
  • somatic sensory function
  • somatic motor function
  • special sensory function
  • visceral afferent function
  • sympathetic function
  • parasympathetic function
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14
Q

Are spinal nerves and branches mixed of all from the same modality?

A

Mixed

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15
Q

What does motor (efferent) action potential acts towards?

A

Towards body wall, body cavity or organ CNS»PNS

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16
Q

What does sensory (afferent) action potential act towards?

A

Towards the brain PNS»CNS

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17
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A

Make up the brain. They are dips, troughs and grooves. Gyri sit up and sulci sit down, sit deeper

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18
Q

How many lobes are in the brain?

A

4 lobes

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19
Q

How are the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere named?

A

According to the cranial bone in which they lie deep to

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20
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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21
Q

Name cranial nerve 1 and its function

A
  • olfactory nerve

- sensory (special) function

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22
Q

Name cranial nerve 2 and its function

A
  • optic nerve

- sensory (special) function

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23
Q

Name cranial nerve 3 and its function

A
  • oculomotor nerve

- motor function

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24
Q

Name cranial nerve 4 and its function

A
  • trochlear nerve

- motor function

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25
Q

Name cranial nerve 5 and its function

A
  • trigeminal nerve

- both sensory and motor function

26
Q

Name cranial nerve 6 and its function

A
  • abducent nerve

- motor function

27
Q

Name cranial nerve 7 and its function

A
  • facial nerve

- both sensory and motor function

28
Q

Name cranial nerve 8 and its function

A
  • vestibocochlear nerve

- special sensory function

29
Q

Name cranial nerve 9 and its function

A
  • glossopharyngeal

- both sensory and motor function

30
Q

Name cranial nerve 10 and its function

A
  • vagus nerve

- both sensory and motor function

31
Q

Name cranial nerve 11 and its function

A
  • spinal accessory nerve

- motor function

32
Q

Name cranial nerve 12 and its function

A
  • hypoglossal nerve

- motor function

33
Q

What nerve has three parts?

A

Cranial nerve 5

34
Q

What foramina does CN1 go through?

A

cibroid plate of the ethmoid bone

35
Q

What foramina does CN2 go through?

A

Optic canal

36
Q

What foramina does CN3, 4, 6 and part of CN5 go through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

37
Q

What foramina does CN 5 part 2 go through?

A

Foramen rotundum

38
Q

What foramina does CN 5 part three go through?

A

Foramen ovale

39
Q

What foramina does CN 8 and 9 go through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

40
Q

What foramina does CN9, 10 and 11 go through?

A

Jugular foramen

41
Q

What foramina does CN 12 go through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

42
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A
  • connect with brain
  • passes through foramen magnum
  • protected by vertebral canal
  • has 4 segments; cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral/coccygeal
  • connects bilaterally with spinal nerves, 31 pairs
  • has 2 enlargements; cervical and lumbosacral
  • ends inferiorly at L1/L2 intervertebral disc level, conus medullaris
43
Q

How are nerves named?

A

According to the vertebrae above it. Except in the cervical region, where they are named according to the vertebrae below it

44
Q

Where does the C8 spinal nerve exits?

A

Between C7 and T1 vertebrae

45
Q

What do the posterior rami supply?

A

They supply a small posterior strip, only sensory

46
Q

What do the anterior rami supply?

A

Supply the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strip. Supply all of the limbs via plexus. Only motor

47
Q

Are spinal nerves, rami and roots mixed or not mixed?

A

Spinal nerves; mixed
Rami; mixed
Roots; not mixed

48
Q

The body wall is divided into segments which are supplied by what?

A

A single pair of spinal nerves

49
Q

What are dermatones?

A

Area (strip) of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spina nerve. Except the limbs, no posterior rami

50
Q

What are the landmarks on the dermatome maps?

A
  • t4 dermatome; nipple

- t10 dermatome; umbilicus

51
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

A network of intertwined anterior rami

52
Q

What are the four plexuses?

A
  • cervical plexus; C1-C4 anterior rami, posterior scale, neck wall and diaphragm
  • branchial plexus; C5-T1 anterior rami, upper limb
  • lumbar plexus; L1-L4 anterior rami, lower limb
  • sacral plexus; L5-S4 anterior rami, lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
53
Q

What are the two functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  • somatic nervous system

- autonomic nervous system

54
Q

What does the soma include?

A
  • head and neck walls
  • chest walls
  • back
  • the diaphragm
  • abdominal wall
  • pelvic wall
  • limbs
55
Q

Name some sensations felt by the body wall

A
  • coarse touch
  • fine touch
  • vibration
  • proprioception
  • all sensed by mechanoreceptors ^
  • temperature sensed by thermoreceptors
  • sharp pain
  • stabbing pain
  • well localised pain
  • sensed by nociceptors ^
56
Q

Describe the sensory neurones

A
  • sense the internal environment
  • heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and gland secretions
  • organ sensory nerves are called visceral afferent
57
Q

Describe the motor neurones

A
  • respond to changes in internal environment
  • motor to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
  • dual motor control
  • many internal organs have both a sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply
58
Q

What happens during the fight or flight response?

A
  • pupils; dilate
  • heart; rate increases
  • lungs; bronchioles dilate
  • GI tract; motility is reduced
  • liver; glucose released into the blood
  • adrenal glands; adrenaline. noradrenaline released
  • arterioles; dilate (eg in skeletal muscle) or constrict (eg in skin) skin feels cold and looks pale
  • skin; hair stands on end and sweat produced
59
Q

Describe sympathetic outflow

A
  • originates from autonomic centres in the brain
  • passes down spinal cord
  • exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves
  • travel to sympathetic chains running the length of the vertebral column
  • pass into all spinal nerves
  • ‘hitch a ride’ with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin
  • travel via splanchnic nerves to reach organs
60
Q

Describe the rest and digest response

A
  • pupils; constrict
  • heart; rate decreases
  • lungs; bronchioles constrict
  • GI tract; motility is increased
  • liver; glucose synthesis
  • bladder; sphincter relaxes
61
Q

Describe parasympathetic outflow

A
  • all parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via cranial nerves 3,8,9 and 10 and via sacral spinal nerves
  • craniosacral outflow
  • internal organs, not body wall

principles week 7 (5 decks)

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