anatomy

Question 1

what is a retroperitoneal organ and some examples

Answer 1

mesentery/peritoneum covers anterior surface only

eg kidneys (ureter, and bladder), suprarenal glands, IVC aorta

Question 2

kidneys
superior pole and inferior pole vertebral level

innervated by which nerve mainly

Answer 2

superior: T12
inferior: L3

least splanchnic nerve

Question 3

functions of kidney

Answer 3

> regulation of blood (ionic composition, pH, volume, pressure)

> production of hormones eg cortisol

> excretion of waste

Question 4

shape of R and L suprarenal glands (they are different)

vessels which supply them

nerves which supply them

Answer 4

R is pyramidal
L is semilunar

vessels: suprarenal arteries and veins

abdominopelvic nerves (greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves)

Question 5

which vertebral level is pain referred to for renal pain. which nerves refer this pain

Answer 5

T12, referred by renal plexus surrounding renal artery

Question 6

where is pain from foregut referred to, midgut referred to and hindgut referred to

Answer 6

foregut: epigastrium
midgut: umbilicus
hindgut: lower abdomen

Question 7

3 different hiatus through diaphragm and their vertebral level

Answer 7

T8- IVC
T10- oesophagus
T12 - aorta

Question 8

quadratus lumborum
upper-lower attachment

lateral attachment

function

Answer 8

upper: rib 12, lower: iliac crest
lateral: transversus abdominis
function: abdominal stability/lateral flexion

Question 9

iliac+psoas muscle= iliopsoas

upper attachments

lower attachment

function

Answer 9

iliac upper: iliac blade
psoas upper: lumbar vertebrae

lower: lesser trochanter femur
function: hip flexors

Question 10

vein/artery which supplies:

diaphragm
q lumborum
iliopsoas

Answer 10

diaphragm: sup+inf mesenteric
q lumborum: lumbar
iliopsoas: lumbar

Question 11

nerves which supply (and there vertebral origin)

diaphragm
q lumborum
iliopsoas

Answer 11

diaphragm: phrenic (c3-5) intercostal (t5-11), subcostal (t12)

q lumborum: lumbar (t12-14)

iliopsoas: femoral (L2-L4)

Question 12

vertebral levels:
coeliac trunk
sup mesenteric
inf mesenteric
gonadal
renal vessels
aorta bifurcation
IVC joining

Answer 12

coeliac trunk T12
sup mesenteric L1
inf mesenteric L3
gonadal L2
renal vessels L2
aorta bifurcation L4/5
IVC joining L5

Question 13

where is referred pain felt for:

visceral pain from stomach
visceral pain from appendix
visceral pain from gall bladder

Answer 13

stomach: T5-9
appendix: T10

gall bladder: T7-9