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Anatomy buzzwords > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you auscultate to listen to the right middle lobe?

A

Between 4th and 6th ribs in mid-clavicular and mid-axillary lines

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2
Q

Where would to place your stethoscope to listen to lung bases

A

Vertebral level T 11

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3
Q

Where does the horizontal fissure lie in relation to surface anatomy?

A

Rib 4

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4
Q

Using surface landmarks describe where oblique fissures are

A

Both left and right are the level of rib 6 anterior and vertebral level T3 posterior

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5
Q

At which vertebral level does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6

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6
Q

Describe the venous drainage and arterial supply to the intercostal spaces

A

Anterior intercostal arteries – branch from internal thoracic artery.
Posterior intercostal arteries – branch from the thoracic aorta.
Anterior intercostal veins – drain into internal thoracic veins.
Posterior intercostal veins – drain into azygous vein.

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7
Q

Describe the intercostal neurovascular bundle from superior to inferior

A

VAN: vein, artery, nerve

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8
Q

At which vertebral level does the IVC penetrate the diaphragm?

A

T8

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9
Q

At which vertebral level does the oesophagus penetrate the diaphragm?

A

T10

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10
Q

At which vertebral level does the aorta penetrate the diaphragm?

A

T12

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11
Q

Which kind of muscle is the diaphragm made of?

A

Skeletal

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12
Q

Which anterior rami make up the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4 and C5

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13
Q

Paralysis of which nerve can cause winged scapula and why?

A

Severing of the long thoracic nerve can cause winged scapula as it supplies the serratus anterior muscle which allows rotation of the scapula

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14
Q

what are the 3 blood vessels found at either side of the sternum?

A

internal thoracic artery- intercostal artery branches from this and two veins

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15
Q

What is the most inferior part of the plural cavity

A

costodiaphragmatic recess with the most inferior part of this being the costophrenic angle

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16
Q

What sections make up the right lung?

A

Upper, lower and middle lobes

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17
Q

What sections make up the left lung?

A

Upper and lower lobes and the lingula.

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18
Q

Where is the cephalic vein located?

A

Delto-pectoral groove

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19
Q

What level does the trachea bifurcate at the carina?

A

T4-5 or the level of the sternal angle

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20
Q

Where do the inguinal ligaments attach?

A

Between the ASIS and pubic tubercle

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21
Q

What is the midpoint of the inguinal ligament?

A

The deep ring

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22
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

bit of peritoneum is forced through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal and DIRECTLY out of the SUPERFICIAL ring.

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23
Q

What is an indirect hernia?

A

Bit of peritoneum is forced through the deep ring, into the inguinal canal and out the superficial ring

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24
Q

How would you distinguish between a direct and indirect hernia?

A

Reduce the hernia, occlude the ring with a finger-tip, ask the patient to cough. A direct hernia will reappear automatically as it does not need to pass through the deep ring to get into the scrotum.

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25
Q

Where is the vagus nerve located in respect to the phrenic nerve?

A

Medially

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26
Q

What is the order of the great vessels?

A

SAP- superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery. Right to left.

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27
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

deep to the coronary groove which contains the RCA.

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28
Q

What is the anterior interventricular groove?

A

It is the boundary which separates the ventricles and contains the LAD branch of the LCA.

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29
Q

What lies posterior to the posterior interventricular groove?

A

Posterior interventricular artery- it is a branch of the RCA.

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30
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the RCA?

A

Right marginal and posterior interventricular artery

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31
Q

Where is the LCA found?

A

Atrioventricular groove

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32
Q

What are the 4 branches of the LCA?

A

LAD, left marginal, left lateral/diagonal and left circumflex

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33
Q

What openings are there in the right atrium?

A

SVC, IVC and coronary sinus

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34
Q

What is the fossa ovalis/oval fossa?

A

It is a depression in the RA. A remnant of the foramen ovale.

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35
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

represents the boundary between smooth and rough parts of the RA.

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36
Q

Where is the Sinoatrial node?

A

inferior to the SVC opening within the RA.

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37
Q

How are cusps of the heart connected to the heart wall?

A

By tendinous cords which are anchored to papillary muscles.

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38
Q

Where would you auscultate the 4 heart valves?

A

Aortic- 2nd intercostal space right sternal edge
Pulmonary- 2nd intercostal space left sternal edge
Tricuspid- 4th intercostal space left sternal edge
Mitral- 6th intercostal space midclavicular line

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39
Q

What is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

It is the ‘line’ between the sternal angle and the T4/5 intervertebral disc. Differentiates superior and inferior mediastinum.

40
Q

What vertebral level does the vagus nerve penetrate the diaphragm?

A

At T10 with the oesophagus.

41
Q

Which vein drains in the SVC?

A

Azygous vein

42
Q

What are the branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Right and left coronary artery.

43
Q

What are the branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

Right to left- brachiocephalic trunk which has 2 branches- right common carotid and right subclavian.
Left common carotid and left subclavian.

44
Q

What are the branches of the descending aorta?

A

inferior intercostal arteries.

Right bronchial artery. Superior and inferior left bronchial arteries

45
Q

What is the venous angle?

A

Junction between the subclavian and internal jugular veins.

46
Q

In terms of surface anatomy where is the left venous angle located?

A

at the left sternoclavicular joint

47
Q

In relation to the lung root where do the vagus and phrenic nerves sit.

A

Vagus sits posteriorly and the phrenic sits anteriorly.

48
Q

Which structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook underneath?

A

The ligament arteriosum on the arch of the aorta and does not enter the chest

49
Q

which nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve a branch of?

A

The vagus nerve

50
Q

Name the nerves of the superior mediastinum from lateral to medial

A

Phrenic, vagus and recurrent laryngeal

51
Q

What structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook underneath?

A

Hooks under the right subclavian artery and doesn’t enter the chest.

52
Q

Where does lymph from the left inferior lung lobe drain?

A

Right lymphatic duct

53
Q

From anterior to posterior what are the structures of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Brachiocephalic veins and SVC, arch of the aorta, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct

54
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the tongue muscles?

A

CNXII- hypoglossal innervates all tongue muscles except the palatoglossus which is innervated by CNX- vagus.

55
Q

Which CN innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx and the external layer of the pharyngeal muscles?

A

CNX- vagus

56
Q

What nerves innervate the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

glossopharyngeal CNIX innervates stylopharyngeus muscle only.
Vagus CNX

57
Q

Which cranial nerves control the gag reflex?

A

Sensory limb- CNIX glossopharyngeal

Motor limb- CNIX and CNX

58
Q

Which nerves supply the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A 
General sensory: trigeminal 
Special sensory (taste): facial
59
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve

60
Q

What are the muscles of jaw closing?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

61
Q

What are the muscles of jaw opening?

A

Lateral pterigoid

62
Q

which CN innervates jaw opening and closing muscles?

A

trigemianl nerve

63
Q

Which bone are pterygoid plates a part of?

A

Sphenoid bone

64
Q

Explain what pain there is and why it changes in appendicitis

A

Begins as dull and achy around the umbilicus then becomes localised and sharp in the RIF due to inflammation and irritation of the parietal peritoneum

65
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the GIT?

A

Vagus nerves- up to distal end of transverse colon.

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3&4) from descending colon to anal canal.

66
Q

Is the liver a reteroperitoneal structure?

A

No, it is intraperitoneal.

67
Q

which nerves synapse directly onto the adrenal gland?

A

sympathetic

68
Q

Which afferent nerve fibres innervate the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

Foregut- T6-T9
Midgut- T8-T12
Hindgut- T10-L2

69
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

stores and concentrates bile

70
Q

What vertebral level does the coeliac trunk branch from the aorta?

A

T12 and supplies the foregut.

71
Q

What artery runs superior to the pancreas?

A

Splenic

72
Q

Where is bilirubin made?

A

In the spleen by the breakdown of RBCs

73
Q

Which ribs protect the spleen?

A

9-11

74
Q

What is the blood supply to the stomach?

A

Right from hepatic artery and left from coeliac trunk and gastric arteries.
Right from gastro-duodenal branch of hepatic artery and left from splenic artery- gastro-omental arteries

75
Q

Which arteries supply foregut, midgut, hindgut?

A

Coeliac artery, superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery.

76
Q

Which ribs protect the liver?

A

right ribs 7-11

77
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

Right, left, caudate and quadrate

78
Q

which artery supplies the gall bladder?

A

cystic artery

79
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct

80
Q

What two ducts join together to form the ampulla of vater?

A

common bile duct and pancreatic duct

81
Q

What sphincter lies in the ampulla of vater?

A

Sphincter of oddi

82
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Increased circulating levels of bilirubin

83
Q

Describe the blood supply to the pancreas

A 
Mainly from pancreatic branches of splenic artery. 
And superior (from gastroduodenal branch of hepatic artery) + inferior (from SMA) pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
84
Q

What kind of peritoneal structure is the duodenum?

A

Part 1 is intraperitoneal and parts 2-4 are reteroperitoneal.

85
Q

What are paracolic gutters?

A

Part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity.

86
Q

Where is McBurney’s point/appendiceal orifice?

A

1/3rd of the way between right ASIS and the umbilicus

87
Q

At which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?

A

T4

88
Q

What is the marginal artery of Drummond?

A

Main anastomosis in the large intestine

89
Q

What is the blood supply to rectum and anal canal?

A 
Hindgut part – superior rectal artery from IMA. 
Somatic part (below the pectinate line) – middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery.
90
Q

What are the 3 main sites of systemic portal anastamoses?

A

Distal end of oesophagus.
Skin around the umbilicus.
Rectum/anal canal.

91
Q

What muscle makes up the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani

92
Q

At which vertebral levels does the sigmoid become the rectum and rectum become the anus?

A

Recto-sigmoid junction S3.

Rectum-anus anterior to tip of the coccyx

93
Q

What are the 3 muscles associated with the levator ani?

A

iliococcygeus, puboccygeus and puborectalis

94
Q

What is the nerve supply to levator ani?

A

Branch of sacral plexus, S3, S4.

Pudendal nerve S2, 3 and 4.

95
Q

What nerve stimulates the internal and external anal sphincters?

A

Pudendal nerve

96
Q

What route does the pudendal nerve take?

A

Exits the pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and reenters the perineum through lesser sciatic foramen

Anatomy buzzwords (3 decks)

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