Anatomy Flashcards
Pituitary gland sits in what hollow
hypophyseal fossa (in sphenoid bone)
Pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via what
pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
optic chiasm is where in relation to pituitary gland
superior
Pituitary gland has 2 lobes
anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
Anterior pituitary stains … whereas posterior pituitary stains …
dark
pale
Anterior pituitary made up of 3 types of cells
Acidophilic - stain pink
Basophilic - stain light purple
Chromphobic - don’t stain much, just pale
2 types of acidophils
somatotrophs - generate somatotropin (also known as growth hormone)
mammotrophs - generate prolactin
3 types of basophils
Corticotrophs - secrete ACTH and MSH
Thyrotrophs- secrete TSH
Gonadotrophs - secrete FSH and LH
Main secretory cells of the AP are acidophils and basophils; what are the secretory cells in the PP
nerve cells
Arterial supply of the pituitary gland (2)
Branches of ICA
- superior hypophyseal artery - supplies AP
- inferior hypophyseal artery - supplies PP
Venous drainage of the pituitary gland
hypophyseal veins into the cavernous sinus
3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
2 nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cord
Recurrent laryngeal - between trachea and oesophagus
External laryngeal
Arterial supply of the thyroid gland (2)
Superior and inferior thyroid artery (branches of ECA and thyrocervical trunk respectively)
Venous drainage of the thyroid gland
Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins
Thyroid gland sits anterior to what
trachea
Surface marking of thyroid gland
Inferior to thyroid cartilage
During thyroid surgery, care must be taken to not damage what nerve
recurrent laryngeal - as it passes underneath they thyroid gland to innervate the larynx
What type of epithelium lines the follicles of the thyroid gland
cuboidal
What cells of the thyroid produce calcitonin
parafollicular (C-cells)
Location of parathyroid glands
Lateral half of the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
What separates the thyroid gland from the parathyroid glands
thin fibrous capsule
Superior parathyroid glands are situated at the level of the
inferior border of cricoid cartilage
Inferior parathyroid glands are situated at the level of the
inferior poles of the thyroid gland, but variable
Arterial supply to the parathyroid glands
inferior thyroid arteries
Venous drainage of the parathyroid glands
Thyroid veins
2 types of cells in the parathyroid glands
chief cells (more abundant) and oxyphil cells
Peritonisation of the adrenal glands
retroperitoneal (like the kidneys)
2 parts of the adrenal glands
outer cortex and inner medulla
Embryonic origin of the cells making up the adrenal cortex/ medulla
cortex - mesoderm
medulla - neuroectoderm
Arterial supply of the adrenal glands (3) + what artery they arose from
Superior adrenal artery - from inferior phrenic
Middle adrenal artery - from abdo aorta
Inferior adrenal artery - from renal artery
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands (2) + what do they drain into
Right adrenal vein - drains into IVC
Left adrenal vein - drains into left renal vein
Anterior relations of the adrenal gland
On the right
- IVC
- liver
On the left
- spleen
- stomach
Posterior relations of the adrenal gland
right and left crus of diaphragm
3 parts of the adrenal cortex + what they secrete
outer zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone
middle zona fasiculata - secretes glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisol
inner zona reticularis - secretes androgens, e.g. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Adrenal medulla contains what cells which secrete catecholamines, e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline
chromaffin cells
Innervation of adrenal glands (2)
coeliac plexus and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
Peritonisation of pancreas
retroperitoneal
Different sections of the pancreas (5)
Uncinate process, head, neck, body, tail
Relations of the pancreas
Head sits in curve of duodenum
Stomach is anterior to it
Spleen is posterolateral to it
Arterial supply of each part of the pancreas + which one of these is the main blood supply overall
Neck, body and tail - splenic a
Head - superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
Islets of Langerhans made up of what 3 cells
Alpha - secrete glucagon
beta - secrete insulin
delta - secrete somatostatin (GHIH)
Name the arteries from which the adrenal glands derives its arterial branches
inferior phrenic
renal
aorta
Superior vertebral level of thyroid gland
C5
Pancreas is retroperitoneal except which part
tail
How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the AP
Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
Name an artery that runs posterior to the pancreas
splenic a
