Anatomy

Question 1

Pituitary gland sits in what hollow

Answer 1

hypophyseal fossa (in sphenoid bone)

Question 2

Pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via what

Answer 2

pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

Question 3

optic chiasm is where in relation to pituitary gland

Answer 3

superior

Question 4

Pituitary gland has 2 lobes

Answer 4

anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Question 5

Anterior pituitary stains … whereas posterior pituitary stains …

Answer 5

dark

pale

Question 6

Anterior pituitary made up of 3 types of cells

Answer 6

Acidophilic - stain pink
Basophilic - stain light purple
Chromphobic - don’t stain much, just pale

Question 7

2 types of acidophils

Answer 7

somatotrophs - generate somatotropin (also known as growth hormone)

mammotrophs - generate prolactin

Question 8

3 types of basophils

Answer 8

Corticotrophs - secrete ACTH and MSH
Thyrotrophs- secrete TSH
Gonadotrophs - secrete FSH and LH

Question 9

Main secretory cells of the AP are acidophils and basophils; what are the secretory cells in the PP

Answer 9

nerve cells

Question 10

Arterial supply of the pituitary gland (2)

Answer 10

Branches of ICA

• superior hypophyseal artery - supplies AP
• inferior hypophyseal artery - supplies PP

Question 11

Venous drainage of the pituitary gland

Answer 11

hypophyseal veins into the cavernous sinus

Question 12

3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

Answer 12

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

Question 13

2 nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cord

Answer 13

Recurrent laryngeal - between trachea and oesophagus

External laryngeal

Question 14

Arterial supply of the thyroid gland (2)

Answer 14

Superior and inferior thyroid artery (branches of ECA and thyrocervical trunk respectively)

Question 15

Venous drainage of the thyroid gland

Answer 15

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Question 16

Thyroid gland sits anterior to what

Answer 16

trachea

Question 17

Surface marking of thyroid gland

Answer 17

Inferior to thyroid cartilage

Question 18

During thyroid surgery, care must be taken to not damage what nerve

Answer 18

recurrent laryngeal - as it passes underneath they thyroid gland to innervate the larynx

Question 19

What type of epithelium lines the follicles of the thyroid gland

Answer 19

cuboidal

Question 20

What cells of the thyroid produce calcitonin

Answer 20

parafollicular (C-cells)

Question 21

Location of parathyroid glands

Answer 21

Lateral half of the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 22

What separates the thyroid gland from the parathyroid glands

Answer 22

thin fibrous capsule

Question 23

Superior parathyroid glands are situated at the level of the

Answer 23

inferior border of cricoid cartilage

Question 24

Inferior parathyroid glands are situated at the level of the

Answer 24

inferior poles of the thyroid gland, but variable

Question 25

Arterial supply to the parathyroid glands

Answer 25

inferior thyroid arteries

Question 26

Venous drainage of the parathyroid glands

Answer 26

Thyroid veins

Question 27

2 types of cells in the parathyroid glands

Answer 27

chief cells (more abundant) and oxyphil cells

Question 28

Peritonisation of the adrenal glands

Answer 28

retroperitoneal (like the kidneys)

Question 29

2 parts of the adrenal glands

Answer 29

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 30

Embryonic origin of the cells making up the adrenal cortex/ medulla

Answer 30

cortex - mesoderm medulla - neuroectoderm

Question 31

Arterial supply of the adrenal glands (3) + what artery they arose from

Answer 31

Superior adrenal artery - from inferior phrenic Middle adrenal artery - from abdo aorta Inferior adrenal artery - from renal artery

Question 32

Venous drainage of the adrenal glands (2) + what do they drain into

Answer 32

Right adrenal vein - drains into IVC Left adrenal vein - drains into left renal vein

Question 33

Anterior relations of the adrenal gland

Answer 33

On the right - IVC - liver On the left - spleen - stomach

Question 34

Posterior relations of the adrenal gland

Answer 34

right and left crus of diaphragm

Question 35

3 parts of the adrenal cortex + what they secrete

Answer 35

outer zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone middle zona fasiculata - secretes glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisol inner zona reticularis - secretes androgens, e.g. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Question 36

Adrenal medulla contains what cells which secrete catecholamines, e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer 36

chromaffin cells

Question 37

Innervation of adrenal glands (2)

Answer 37

coeliac plexus and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 38

Peritonisation of pancreas

Answer 38

retroperitoneal

Question 39

Different sections of the pancreas (5)

Answer 39

Uncinate process, head, neck, body, tail

Question 40

Relations of the pancreas

Answer 40

Head sits in curve of duodenum Stomach is anterior to it Spleen is posterolateral to it

Question 41

Arterial supply of each part of the pancreas + which one of these is the main blood supply overall

Answer 41

Neck, body and tail - splenic a Head - superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

Question 42

Islets of Langerhans made up of what 3 cells

Answer 42

Alpha - secrete glucagon beta - secrete insulin delta - secrete somatostatin (GHIH)

Question 43

Name the arteries from which the adrenal glands derives its arterial branches

Answer 43

inferior phrenic renal aorta

Question 44

Superior vertebral level of thyroid gland

Answer 44

C5

Question 45

Pancreas is retroperitoneal except which part

Answer 45

tail

Question 46

How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the AP

Answer 46

Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

Question 47

Name an artery that runs posterior to the pancreas

Answer 47

splenic a