Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity

A

Patent conduit for air to pass to nasopharynx
Filters particles from air - small hairs
Humidifies air
Warms inspired air
Sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which part of the nasal cavity is responsible for smell

A

Olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The nose is made entirely of bone - true or false

A

False

Only the root is bone, the rest is cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which bones make up the nose

A 
Ethmoid bone 
Vomer 
Nasal bone 
Nasal process of Maxilla 
Palatine bone 
Inferior concha
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which two bones form the septum

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

Vomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of the ethmoid bone itself

A

Perpendicular plate is the mid section - forms septum
Has crista galli on top which separates hemispheres
Either side has the superior and middle concha
Lots of air cells either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What structures is the ethmoid bone a part of

A

Septum
Roof
Lateral walls
of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which class of fracture can disrupt the ethmoid bone

A

Le Fort II and III

Affects the cribiform plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the potential nasal consequences of Le Fort fractures

A

Loss of smell - anosmia
Can disrupt the sinuses
This can allow infection to spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nose

A

In the vestibule (outermost) it is stratified squamous
Then becomes respiratory
Superior part has olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway

A

Signal picked up by receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium
Passes up through cribiform plate
Synapses with olfactory bulb
Neurons pass along the olfactory tract
Pass to temporal lobe and olfactory areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the innervation of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory nerve cells in the olfactory mucosa
V1 for superior part - anterior ethmoid nerve
V2 for posterior part - nasopalatine nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s area

A

Site of artery anastomoses in the nose

Located anteroinferiorly on the septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which arteries supply the nasal cavity

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries - branch of ophthalmic
Sphenopalatine and greater palatine - branch of maxillary
Lateral nasal and septal - facial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is epistaxis

A

Nose bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many conchae are found in the lateral nasal wall

A

3

Superior, Middle and Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which recess is found in the lateral nasal wall

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae

A

Create turbulent airflow through the nasal cavity

This increases the chance of humidifying, warming and filtering the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List the 4 pairs of sinuses associated with the nasal cavity

A

Frontal sinuses - frontal bone
Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinuses - cheeks
Sphenoid sinuses - back of nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What lines the paranasal sinuses

A

Respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What drains through the sphenoethmoidal recess

A

The sphenoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which sinus drains through the superior meatus

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which sinus drains through the middle meatus

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Anterior ethmoidal air cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which sinus drains through the ethmoidal bulla

A

Middle ethmoidal air cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which sinus drains through the inferior meatus

A

Nasolacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the mucosa in 1 or more of the paranasal sinuses
Will get excess mucus
May lead to swelling and build up of pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The maxilliary sinus is predisposed to infection - true or false

A

True
Ostium sits superior to it’s cavity
Cilia must work against gravity to clear the sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How can tooth problems affect the sinuses

A

Tooth infection can lead to sinus infections if the roots pierce upwards into maxillary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List the parts of the temporal bone

A 
Squamous part 
Petrous part 
Pterion
External acoustic meatus 
Mastoid process 
Styloid process 
Zygomatic process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which nerves are found ‘in’ the temporal bone

A

Facial (CNVII)

Vestibulocochlear - CNVIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the facial nerve supply

A

Motor to face
Motor to stapedius
Taste to Ant. 2/3rds of tongue
Secretomotor to salivary glands and lacrimal gland
General sensation to posterior part of external ear - posterior auricular branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Roles in balance and hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does the labyrinthine artery come from

A

Branch of anterior, inferior cerebellar artery

This comes from the circle of Willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus

A

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Labyrinthine artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is the ear divided anatomically

A

External ear - auricle to tympanic membrane
Middle ear - tympanic membrane to oval window
Inner ear - oval window to internal acoustic meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of the external ear

A

Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the function of the middle ear

A

Amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

Includes the eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the function of the inner ear

A

Converts special sensory information Into fluid waves, then APs and then conducts APs to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the structure of the ear canal

A

Composed of 1/3 cartilage, 2/3 bones
Lined with skin - squamous epithelium with some hair cells
Produces earwax via ceruminous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The external cartilage of the ear it avascular- true or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

List the innervation to the auricle

A

C2,3 spinal nerves innervate most of it via the greater auricular nerve- lobe to helix and some of posterior area
Lesser occipital branch supplies lateral aresa

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal innervates superior part of the external acoustic meatus and most of the ear drum

CNX innervates inferior EAM and tympanic membrane

The facial nerve gives sensation to the concha part of the ear (posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

List the lymphatic drainage of the auricle

A

Lateral part of superior auricle drains to parotid nodes
Medial part of superior half goes to mastoid nodes
The rest (inc. lobe) goes to superficial cervical node
All will eventually end up in the deep cervical nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

List the parts of the tympanic membrane

A

Pars flaccida - thin part of membrane at the top
Par tensa - thicker, inferior part
Umbo - handle of malleus
Cone of light - anterior and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

List the nerve supply to the tympanic membrane

A

External surface is CNV3

Internal is CNIX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What parts of the ENT system does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply

A

Internal surface of tympanic membrane
Middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube
The branch to these structures is called the Jacobson’s nerve

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the 3 bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which muscles are found in the middle ear

A

Stapedius

Tensor tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How to the ossicles articulate

A

Via synovial joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the oval window

A

Connection between middle and inner ear

Stapes fits into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which nerve supplies sensation to the naso/oropharynx

A

CNIX - glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which nerve supplies sensation to the laryngopharynx

A

Mostly CNX - vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does the eustachian tube connect

A

Connects anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to nasopharynx
Allows air to get into the middle ear to control pressure

53
Q

Describe the path of the facial nerve

A 
Leaves brain at pontomedullary junction 
Passes through the internal acoustic meatus 
Enters the facial canal 
Gives off chorda tympani 
Passes through stylomastoid foramen 
Supplies face
54
Q

What does the chorda tympani supply

A

Taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (may lose taste if damaged)

Parasympathetic supply to the submandibular & sublingual salivary glands (salivation)

55
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle

A

Reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise

56
Q

What happens to facial fat as we age

A

Atrophy

57
Q

Which nerve supplies the inner ear

A

CNVIII - vestibulocochlear
In 2 parts
Cochlear nerve - hearing
Vestibular nerve - balance

58
Q

What is contained in the bony labyrinth

A

Filled with perilymph fluid

Semi-circular canals are suspended in the fluid

59
Q

What fills the semi-circular canals

A

Endolymph

60
Q

Which AP’s travel via the vestibular nerve

A

Those originating in the semi-circular ducts

61
Q

Which AP’s travel via the cochlear nerve

A

Those originating in to cochlear duct

62
Q

How is movement detected in the inner ear

A

Hair cells are stimulated by movement of endolymph
Semi-circular canals detect angular movement
Utricle detects horizontal
Saccule detects vertical

63
Q

How is sound transmitted in the ear

A

Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate
Transmit through ossicles
Stapes vibrates the oval window
This creates pressure waves in perilymph of the inner ear
Hair cells in cochlea move and stimulate AP’s
Pressure waves become vibration again and are dampened at round window

64
Q

What detects auditory stimuli

A

Receptor cells in the organ of Corti

Found in the cochlear duct

65
Q

Describe the path of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Leaves brain at pontomedullary junction
Passes through internal acoustic meatus
Contacts the cochlear and semi-circular duct

66
Q

At what level is the hyoid bone found

A

Level of C3

67
Q

Where does the submandibular gland secrete saliva

A

Sublingual caruncle - bump under tongue

68
Q

Where does the sublingual gland secrete saliva

A

Beneath the sublingual folds (under the tongue)

69
Q

Which muscles make up the floor of the mouth

A

Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid - connects chin and hyoid

70
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid

A

CNV3

71
Q

What innervates the geniohyoid

A

C1 - via hypoglossal nerve

72
Q

Where does the parotid gland secrete salvia

A

By the upper 2nd molar

73
Q

Which nerves innervate the salivary glands

A

Parotid - glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
Piggybacks on CNV3
Other 2 is the facial nerve

74
Q

Which nerves supply the tongue

A

Posterior 1/3 - taste and sense by CNIX

Anterior 2/3 - sensory from V3 and taste from CNVII

75
Q

List the muscles of the tongue and their innervation

A

Palatoglossus - vagus

Styloglossus, Genioglossus and Hyoglossus - hypoglossal nerve

76
Q

Describe the path of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Leaves from medulla
Passes through hypoglossal canal
Descends lateral to carotid sheath
Passes towards tongue at level of hyoid

77
Q

How can you test CNXII - hypoglossal

A

Ask patient to stick their tongue straight out
In unilateral CN XII damage the tongue tip will POINT TOWARDS
the side of the injured nerve

78
Q

List the blood supply to the tongue

A

Lingual artery - branch of external carotid

79
Q

Which bones form the hard palate

A

Palatine process of the maxilla
Palatine bone
Pterygoid hamulus from sphenoid

80
Q

List the muscles of the soft palate

A 
Tensor veli palatini 
Palatophrygeus 
Levator veli palantini 
Musculus uvulae 
Palatoglossus
81
Q

What is the innervation of the soft palate muscle

A

All CNX apart from tensor veli palatini which is CNV3

82
Q

What are the functions of the soft palate

A

Stops food entering the nose during swallowing
Directs air into the nose or the mouth during speech, sneezing, coughing & vomiting
Helps to close off the entrance into the oropharynx in the gag reflex

83
Q

How can you test CNX

A

Ask patient to say ahhh
If there is a unilateral nerve damage the uvula will be pulled away from the non-functioning side
Get them to swallow a small amount of water - does the larynx move, do they splutter?
Listen to speech - is it hoarse
Can they produce a powerful cough

84
Q

Describe the muscles of the pharynx

A

3 constrictor muscles in the outer layer
3 paired vertical muscle in the inner layer
All skeletal and all innervated by CNX

85
Q

What is the gateway to the mouth

A

The gap between the superior and middle circular muscle of the pharynx
CNIX, lingual artery and the stylopharyngeus muscle pass through here

86
Q

Which nerve supplies the Stylopharyngeus

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

87
Q

Name the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and their innervation

A

Stylopharyngeus - CNIX
Palatopharygeus - CNX
Salpingopharygeus - CNX

88
Q

What are the components of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

Adenoid
Tubal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil - back of tongue

89
Q

How do lymph nodes appear in infection

A

Swollen
Painful
Soft and smooth
Not fixed

90
Q

How do lymph nodes appear in cancer

A

Swollen
Not painful
Hard and irregular
Fixed

91
Q

What are the functions of the larynx

A

Contains the voice box
It acts as a sphincter in the respiratory tract - regulates airflow and protects from aspiration
Warming and humidifying air and also for filtration of infection
Needs to stay open - patent URT

92
Q

Where is the larynx found

A

Between the pharynx and trachea
Between C4 and C6
Between the two carotid sheaths
Enclosed in the pretracheal fascia

93
Q

What structure does the Adam’s apple indicate

A

The top of the thyroid cartilage

94
Q

How does the larynx help protect you from aspirating

A

It raised up when we swallow to reduce chance of material getting in
Epiglottis also moves to close the inlet

95
Q

What forms the ‘skeleton of the larynx

A 
Hyaline cartilage that is suspended from the hyoid bone:
Epiglottis 
Thyroid cartilage 
Cricoid cartilage 
Arytenoid cartillages
96
Q

Name the joint between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

A

Cricothyroid joint

97
Q

What happens when you put pressure on the cricoid cartilage

A

It compresses the oesophagus
Larynx stays open
Can be used in ventilation

98
Q

What are the true vocal cords

A

Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
Covered in connective tissue
Movement of them allows us to make sound

99
Q

What are the false vocal cords

A

Sit either side of the true ones

They connect the arytenoid cartilage to epiglottis

100
Q

What is the vallecula

A

The space between the epiglottis and tongue

Laryngoscope is placed here

101
Q

Describe how different movements of the vocal cords affect speech

A

Tension - increased pitch
Relaxation - decreased pitch
Adduction - quiet
Abduction - loud

102
Q

Which intrinsic muscles act as tensors of the larynx

A

Cricothyroid muscles

103
Q

Which intrinsic muscles act as relaxers of the larynx

A

Thyroarytenoid muscles

104
Q

Which intrinsic muscles act as adductors of the larynx

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles

Arytenoid muscles

105
Q

Which intrinsic muscles act as abductors of the larynx

A

Posterior Crico-arytenoid muscles

106
Q

When vocalising the vocal cords are close together - true or false

A

True
For voice production you need the vocal cords to come together and vibrate
Also needs the lungs to create normal air pressure

107
Q

How do glottic tumours present

A

On the cords - 95% will stay here

Present with voice changes and airway obstruction

108
Q

Where do supra-glottic tumours spread to

A

Superior, deep cervical nodes

109
Q

Where do sub glottic tumours spread to

A

Paratracheal nodes

less room to spread before causing an issue

110
Q

How can you speak after the larynx is removed

A

Tracheo-oesophageal puncture - button thing
Oesophageal speech - learn to force air up through oesophagus to create speech, fit a prosthetic valve
Electrolarynx - machine used to generate sound

111
Q

What nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

Branch of recurrent laryngeal

112
Q

Describe what the branches of the laryngeal nerve supply

A

Superior branch splits into internal and external
Internal - sensory to muscos above cords
External - motor to criciothyroid muscle
Inferior branch = intrinsic muscles

113
Q

Which abnormalities can be seen in the external auditory meatus

A

Genetic problems: - underdevelopment or atresia of the canal
- underdevelopment of the ear itself (ear will look unusual)

Severity of these can vary from mild to severe
Leads to conductive hearing loss

114
Q

Describe the structure of the tympanic membrane

A

External layer is squamous epithelium, middle fibrous layer and then inner resp epithelium

115
Q

Which branch of the vagus nerve supplies the external ear canal

A

Arnold’s nerve

116
Q

What is the nerve supply to the face

A

Trigeminal - ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular (general sensation to the face)

Rest of the head/neck is supplied by branches of the cervical plexus - greater occipital, lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cutaneous (anterior neck), supraclavicular nerve (laternal neck)

Posterior neck = c3 c4

117
Q

What causes referred ear pain

A

The pathways of the nerves supplying the ear converge or overlap in places which is why pain from elsewhere can refer to the ear - e.g. larynx, pharynx

118
Q

What are the 3 anatomical areas of the larynx

A

Above the true cords - supraglottic
Around the cords is the glottis
Below this is the subglottic

119
Q

What separates the larynx and the oesophagus

A

Epiglottis

120
Q

Where are tracheostomies usually placed

A
  • Usually placed between 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

However, need to place below the level of obstruction in order to oxygenate properly so may move slightly

121
Q

What forms the anterior triangle of the neck

A

Bordered by the mandible superiorly, SCM laterally, clavicle inferiorly and the vertical midline of the neck marks the anterior border

122
Q

How is the anterior triangle of the neck divided

A

Into 4 smaller triangles
Submandibular
Submental
Muscular triangle - contains strap muscles
Carotid/jugular triangle - common carotids and bifurcation, hypoglossal and vagus nerves

123
Q

What are the branches of the common carotid artery

A

Internal and external

124
Q

What forms the posterior triangle of the neck

A

Bordered by the SCM anteriorly, lateral part of the clavicle inferiorly and the trapezius posteriorly

125
Q

How is the posterior triangle of the neck divided

A

Subdivided into two more triangles - subclavian and occipital

126
Q

List the 7 levels of head/neck lymph nodes

A

1 - submental and submandibular - drains oral cavity and floor of mouth

2,3,4 - anterior cervical chain
2 - angle of mandible to hyoid - drain from tonsils, oropharynx
3 - between hyoid and cricoid cartilage - primary drain sites include oropharynx and larynx
4 - below cricoid and above sternal notch - drains larynx

5 - posterior triangle - associated with nasopharynx

7 - supraclavicular nodes, typically a upper GI tract - Virchow’s node

127
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply

A

It courses up to the cranial cavity and supplies the brain (joins the circle of WIllis)

128
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply

A

External supplies the face, scalp and neck

Branches include superior and inferior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal, lingual artery (oral and tongue), facial artery, occipital artery (scalp and back of head), post auricular, maxillary and temporal

ENT (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions