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ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal cartilages have control of the nostrils like a sphincter. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

WHat parts of the frontal bone and maxilla meet to frame the nasal bones?

A

Nasal processes of each

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3
Q

What bone makes up part of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular part of the ethmoid bone

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4
Q

What structures are formed by the palatine bone?

A

Posterior layers of the nasal cavity

Hard palate

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5
Q

What is different about the inferior nasal concha in comparison to the superior and middle?

A

Inferior = bone of its own

also the largest of the 3

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6
Q

What parts of the nasal cavity are formed by the ethmoid bone?

A

roof
lateral walls
septum

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7
Q

What Le fort fractures can cause loss of smell and increased risk of infection from the paranasal sinuses?

A

Le fort II & III

can disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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8
Q

What types of epithelium are found in the nasal vestibule and nasal cavity?

A

VESTIBULE = Stratified squamous epithelium (Keratinised to non-keratinised)

NASAL CAVITY =
Respiratory epithelium to Olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway

A
  • Receptor cells in olfactory epithelium
  • Pass up through cribriform plate
  • Synapse with olfactory bulb (ganglion)
  • Neurons pass along olfactory tract
  • To Temporal lobe and olfactory areas
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10
Q

What nerves provide somatic sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

Anterior ethmoidal nerve CN V1
(through anterior ethmoidal foramen)

Nasopalatine Nerve CN V2
(through sphenopalatine foramen)

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11
Q

Blood supply to the nose comes from both the internal and external carotid arteries. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What is the name of the area of anastomosing blood vessels in the nose, prone to nosebleeds (epitaxis)

A

Kiesselbach’s (Little’s) Area

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13
Q

Apart from the 3 nasal concha, what structures are found on the lateral nasal wall?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior concha)
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus (below inferior concha)

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14
Q

What structure opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

eustachian tube (from the middle ear)

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15
Q

Why does congestion in the nose move between the two sides?

A

engorgement of the nasal mucosa changes to other side every 1-5 hours

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16
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Open spaces within bone

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses

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17
Q

What epithelium covers the paranasal sinuses?

A

thin respiratory epithelium

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18
Q

The paranasal sinuses are normally symmetrical. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

not always symmetrical in normal patient

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19
Q

Where does the Sphenoethmoidal recess drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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20
Q

Where does the Superior Meatus drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

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21
Q

Where does the Middle Meatus drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Semilunar hiatus:

  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
  • Anterior ethmoidal air cells

Ethmoidal Bulla:
- Middle ethmoidal air cells

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22
Q

Where does the Inferior Meatus drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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23
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosa in 1 or more of the paranasal sinuses

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24
Q

If a viral infection reduces the diameter or the ostia, what are the consequences?

A

pressure build up

orbital blow-out fracture

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25
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus prone to infection?

A
  • Ostium is located superior in relation to its cavity

- Cilia must work against gravity

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26
Q

Tooth infection can lead to sinus infections. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

oro-antral fistula can allow roots to pierce upwards into maxillary sinus

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27
Q

Sinusitis pain can be referred to the teeth and present as ‘toothache’. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

if improper closure of oro-antral fistula

28
Q

What are the functions of the auditory and vestibular systems?

A 
Hearing = Auditory system
Balance = Vestibular system
29
Q

What is the pterion?

A
  • H-shaped suture
  • Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid
  • Thinnest part of skull
30
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the Stylomastoid foramen?

A

CN VII

31
Q

Pathology in the internal acoustic meatus (e.g. an acoustic neuroma) could damage which cranial nerves?

A

CN VII and CN VIII

32
Q

What are the functions of the external, middle and inner ear?

A

External - Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

Middle - Amplifies & conducts sound waves to the internal ear

Inner - Converts special sensory information

33
Q

The external ear is avascular. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

34
Q

Describe the composition of the ear canal starting at the external acoustic meatus

A

1/3 cartilage, 2/3 bony

35
Q

What glands in the ear canal produce earwax?

A

ceruminous glands

36
Q

What cranial nerves make up the tympanic membrane?

A

CN V3

CN X

37
Q

What superficial lymph nodes are responsible for lymphatic drainage of the ear?

A
  • parotid
  • mastoid
  • superficial cervical lymph nodes
38
Q

The petrous portion is a part of which bone in the skull?

A

temporal bone

39
Q

What are the functions of CN VII?

A

Motor to face and stapedius
Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
Secretomotor to salivary glands and lacrimal gland
Sensation to external ear

40
Q

What structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A 
CN VII (Facial nerve)
CN VIII (Vestibulocohlear nerve)
Labyrinthine artery (+ vein)
41
Q

The labyrinthine artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

42
Q

What are the names for the thick and thin parts of the tympanic membrane?

A

Pars flaccida = thin

Pars tensa = thick

43
Q

What cranial nerves supply the internal and external surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

External surface: mostly CN V3

Internal surface: CN IX

44
Q

What structures are provided sensory innervation by CN IX?

A 
Middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Tonsils
45
Q

What are the 3 bones found in the middle ear?

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)

46
Q

What muscles are found in the inner ear?

A

Stapedius

Tensor tympani

47
Q

What type of joint is found in the middle ear between the ossicles?

A

synovial joint

48
Q

Where is the base of the stapes found?

A

In the oval window

49
Q

What is the aditus?

A

Aditus* (doorway into) the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess

50
Q

What two structures does the eustachian tube connect?

A

Connects anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

51
Q

Where is the internal acoustic meatus located?

A

The pontomedullary junction

52
Q

What are the 4 axon modalities of the facial nerve?

A

Special sensory
sensory
motor
parasympathetic

53
Q

Chorda tympani is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

CN VII

54
Q

What is supplied by the chorda tympani?

A

Taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

Parasympathetic to submandibular & sublingual salivary glands

55
Q

How does the stapedius muscle dampen excessive noise?

A

Reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise

56
Q

The chorda tympani piggy backs on what other cranial nerve?

A

lingual nerve branch of CN V3

57
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Frontalis

Orbicularis oculi

Elevators of lips

Orbicularis oris

58
Q

Asking the patient to complete what facial movements will test the muscles of facial expression and their innervation?

A

Frown
Close eyes tightly
smile
Maintain air in puffed out cheeks

59
Q

What is the otic capsule?

A

surrounds the structures of the inner ear

60
Q

Otic capsule bone is denser than the surrounding temporal bone. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

61
Q

What type of fluid is found between the bony and membranous labyrinths in the inner ear?

A

Perilymph (like ECF => high Na, Low K)

62
Q

What fluid is found inside the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear?

A

Endolymph (like ICF -> Low Na, High K)

63
Q

What is the other word for the apex of the cochlear spiral?

A

Cupula

64
Q

How many semicircular canals are found in one ear and what are they named?

A

Superior
Lateral
Posterior

65
Q

What is the name given to clusters of hair cells?

A

regions called maculae

66
Q

How is sound transmitted in the inner ear?

A
  • Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate
  • Vibrations transmitted through ossicles
  • Base of stapes vibrates in oval window
  • Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph
  • Hair cells in cochlea are moved, APs stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
  • Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
  • Pressure waves are dampened at round window
67
Q

The cochlear duct is suspended by the spiral ligament and splits the cochlear canal into what 2 parts?

A

Scala vestibuli

Scala tympani

ENT (16 decks)

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