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NPLEX 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Right Atrium (6)

A

Coronary sinus, SA, AV, SVC, IVC, tricuspid

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2
Q

How many pulmonary arteries & veins?

A

2, 4

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3
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors? What do they sense?

A

aortic arch & carotid a., BP via stretch

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4
Q

Chemoreceptors are located where and what do they sense?

A

sense low PO2, aorta and carotid

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5
Q

Blood Volume and pressure is regulated by what 3 systems?

A

heart baroreceptors, ADH release (slow response), rening angiotensin-aldosterone system

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6
Q

Layers of Skin

A

Dermis, basement membrane, epidermis

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7
Q

What is in the dermis (3)

A

blood vessels, hair shaft, sebaceous glands

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8
Q

What makes up the epidermis (kertinocytes)?

A

stratum basali (stem cells), stratum spinosum (desmosomes), stratum cornium

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9
Q

Type 1 Collagen comes from (3) and becomes (5)?

A

Firbroblasts, Reticular cells, Smooth muscle

Connective Tissue, Collagen, Fibrocartilage, Bone (osteoblasts), Dentin (odontoblasts)

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10
Q

Type 2 Collagen comes from (2) and becomes?

A

Chrondocytes, retinal cells

Hyaline & Elastic cartilage, vitreous body of the eye

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11
Q

Type 3 Collagen comes from (4) and becomes (4)?

A

Fibroblasts, Reticular cells, Smooth muscles, endothelium

Loose Connective Tissue, Reticular fibers, papillary dermis, blood vessels

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12
Q

Type 4 Collagen come from (2) and becomes (1)?

A

Epi & Endothelium

Basement membrane

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13
Q

What 3 permanent tissues can only undergo hypertrophy and not hyperplasia?

A

Cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle, nerves

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14
Q

Which ones are reversible - metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia

A

Metaplasia & dysplasia

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15
Q

What do C-cells produce?

A

calcitonin

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16
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles in order? (4)

A

Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid

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17
Q

Diaphragm openings for IVC, Esophagus and Aorta (I ate 10 eggs at 12)

A

T8, T10, T12

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18
Q

Layers of epidermis (Cows like green skin beans)

A

Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum and basale

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19
Q

What skin layer is only on the palms & soles

A

lucidum

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20
Q

epidermis from what embryology?

A

epidermis

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21
Q

dermis from what embryology?

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

layers of the dermis

A

papillary, reticular, hypodermis

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23
Q

Retroperitoneal organs (8)?

A

Ascending colon, descending colon, adrenals, kidneys, aorta, pancreas, IVC, duodenum

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24
Q

The left coronary artery gives rise to 3 branches (the left is MAC)

A

muscular, anterior interventicular a. , circumflex

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25
Q

Contents of the cubital fossa from medial to lateral (NATN)

A

Nerve (median), Artery (brachial), Tendon (biceps), Nerve (radial)

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26
Q

Content of the greater sciatic foramen:

A

superior gluteal n. & a, nerve to obturator, gemellus (inf & sup), quadratus femoris, inferior gluteal n., pudendal n. posterior femoral cutaneous n. sciatic n.

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27
Q

Contents of the lesser sciatic foramen (P IaNo)

A

Pudendal n. Internal pudendal a., nerve to obturator internus

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28
Q

Contents of the femoral triangle (lateral to medial) NAVeL

A

Femoral n, a, v, lymph

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29
Q

Carpal bones from proximal radial to distal ulnar - Scared lovers tri positions they can’t handle

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Trapezium “for the thumb”, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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30
Q

nodes for RA, OA and where?

A

RA - Haygarths at MCP
OA - Heberden’s at DIP
BOTH - Bouchard PIP

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31
Q

External Rotators of Hip/Thigh (please go go quietly)

A

Piriformic, Gemellous superior/inferior, Obturator externus/internus, quadratus femoris

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32
Q

Nerves branching off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus (Parts)

A

posterior, axillary, radial, thoracodorsal, subscapular,

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33
Q

Order of the brachial plexus from C5 - T1 (really tired? Drink coffee)

A

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords

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34
Q

Oder of lumbar plexus (T12 - L5) (really bored, drink tall boys?)

A

plexus roots, branches, divisions and terminal branches

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35
Q

Essential a.a. - PVT Tim Hall always argues, never tyres

A

Phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine

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36
Q

What are purely ketogenic amino acids? (lucy never lyses fat)

A

leucine & lysine

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37
Q

Branched chain amino acids (LIV)

A

Leucine, Isoleucine, valine

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38
Q

Basic amino acids (HAL)

A

Histidine, lysine, arginine

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39
Q

Vitamins in Krebs (those nasty chicks love to fuck)

A

thiamine, NADH, CoA, Lipase, FAD

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40
Q

Oxidation is a ___ of an electron/hydrogen and reduction is ____ of an electron/hydrogen.

A

loss

gain

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41
Q

___ is needed for cytochrome c and __ for cytochrome a

A

Iron, Copper

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42
Q

Cellulose bonds

A

glucose with beta 1 - 4 bonds

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43
Q

lactose bonds

A

glucose & galactose beta 1-4

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44
Q

linoleic vs. linolenic acid

A

omega 6, omega 3

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45
Q

order of cholesterol synthesis “a hard man screws chicks”

A

AcetylCoA → HMG-CoA → Mevalonate → Squalene → Cholesterol

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46
Q

rate limiting step for steroid biosynthesis

A

desmolase

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47
Q

purines & pyrumidines (All girls are PURe and King TUC and the PYRamids)

A 
purines = adenine & guanine
pyramidines = tyamin/uracil and cytosine
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48
Q

Nucleotides vs. nucleosides

A

nucleotides are pentose sugar, nitrogen base AND PHOSPHATE

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49
Q

Pairings in DNA - All tall guys can dunk

A

adenine & thymine, guanine & cytosine

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50
Q

8 Steps of Krebs cycle - Can I Keep Sex Slaves for my office?

A

Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate.

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51
Q

Products made from keto ___ No no go find help nympho

A 
▪	Btw citrate and isocitrate = nothing
▪	Isocitrate → a-keto = NADH (+CO2)
▪	A-keto → succinyl-Coa = NADH (+CO2)
▪	S-coa → succinate = GTP
▪	Succ → fumarate = FADH2
▪	Fum → malate = h20 (goes IN) 
▪	Mal → oxaloacetate = NADH
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52
Q

Amino acids that convert into TCA cycle intermediates to become glucose - Alan the Pyro, Aspar the OX, and Glu the alpha-kitten

A

▪ Alanine → pyruvate, aspartate → oxaloacetate, and glutamate → alpha-ketoglutarate.

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53
Q

Somatostatin

A

▪ Produced in hypothalamus to inhibit GH
▪ delta cells of pancreas to inhibit insulin and glucagon, gatrin in gastric mucosa, secretin in intestinal mucosa, and renin in kidneys

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54
Q

Somatotopin aka

A

GH

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55
Q

Somatomedin

A

from the liver and other tissue to mediate the effects of GH on cartilage

56
Q

Pepsin vs. Chymotrypsin

A

o Both break down proteins
▪ Pepsin works in acidic environment of stomach
▪ chymotrypsin works in basic environment of duodenum

57
Q

myenteric plexus vs. meissner’s plexus

A

o myenteric – aka auerbach’s plexus in muscularis layer for GI motility
o meissner’s – in submucosa to promote secretions

58
Q

What cells make oxytocin?

A

paraventricular cells

59
Q

What makes ADH?

A

supraoptic nuclei of posterior pituitary

60
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epineprhine, norepinephrine

61
Q

WHat does the corus luteum produce?

A

progesterone

62
Q

Alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

63
Q

Beta cells of the pancreas produce?

64
Q

Delta cells of the pancreas produce?

A

somatostatin

65
Q

What is released from chief cells of the stomach?

A

Pepsinogen

66
Q

Hemoglobin dissociation curve - CADET’s looks to the Right

A

Co2, Acid, DPG, Exercise & Temperature (shifts to the right)

67
Q

ALL - “all the little leagers”

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia affects children

68
Q

AML - all my life

A

affects adults

69
Q

CLL

A

affects over 60 y/o

70
Q

CML

A

philadelphia gene

71
Q

Reed-sternberg cells

A

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

72
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

non-hodgkin’s in B cells

73
Q

Staph aureus systemic illnesses (STOIC)

A

Scalded Skin Syndrome, TSS, Osteomyelitis, impetigo, carbuncles - also endocarditis, arthritis

74
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes - SEARS

A

strep throat, erysipeias, acute glumerulonepritis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever

75
Q

Types of ecoli - PATHI

A

enteropathic, adhesive, toxigenic(traveler’s), hemorrhagic (0157:H7), invasive

76
Q

Painful soft chancroid

A

haemophilis ducreyi

77
Q

hard painless chancre

A

treponema pallidum

78
Q

Highest to lowest Immunoglobulins - GAMED

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

79
Q

DiGeorge Disease

A

congenital t cell deficiency from hypoplasia of the thymus & parathyroid - results in viral/fungal infections and tetany

80
Q

SCID

A

defective humoral and cell-mediated immunity

81
Q

Dermatomyocitis

A

heliotrophe reddish purple rach over the face & neck from damage by complement system and proximal muscle weakness

82
Q

serum sickness type of HSR

83
Q

CREST scleroderma

A

calcinosis, raynaud’s. esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia
hypertrophy of collagen fibers of subcutaneous tissue, fixed facial expression and clawlike hand

84
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

dry mouth and eyes, connective tissue and joint pain, parotid gland enlargement bilaterally, higher risk of lymphoma

85
Q

T cells are most prominent in the

A

lymphoid paracortex of the lymph nodes

86
Q

b cells are located within the

A

lymphoid follicles

87
Q

Vitamin A

A

muscosal and epithelial lining & secretions, needed for proper B cell and T cell function

88
Q

Vitamin E

A

antioxidant, protects t cells

89
Q

Vitamin C

A

increases neutrophils & monocyte chemotaxis and is antioxidant, collagen formation, dopamine

90
Q

Vitamin D

A

T cell proliferation

91
Q

Zinc

A

sperm, natural killer cells

92
Q

selenium

A

reduces arachodonic acid, thyroid

93
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

hypertenstion from sodium retention due to increase in aldosterone

94
Q

Sheehan’s necrosis

A

ischemic necrosis of pituitary gland - associated with hemorhage and post pregnancy

95
Q

MEN 1

A

Wermer’s syndrome - hyperplasia/tumors of thyrpid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets or pituitary

96
Q

MEN 2a

A

pheochromoctyoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, and hyperpara

97
Q

MEND 2b

A

pheochromoctyoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid

98
Q

Zollinger Ellison

A

gastrin secreting tumor in pancreas or intestines

99
Q

IgA

A

exocrine secretions - breast milk, mucos, saliva, tears

100
Q

IgG

A

crosses the placenta, opsonization, main IgG in serum

101
Q

IgE

A

mast cells to release histamine for digestion

102
Q

IgM

A

first on the scene of infection, controls A, B, O antibody response

103
Q

Classical pathway of complement starts with

A

Ag:ab complex

104
Q

Alternate pathway of complement starts with

105
Q

Fragments for anaphylaxis of complement

A

C3a and C5a

106
Q

C5a is responsible for

A

leukocyte activation, adhesion and chemotaxis

107
Q

c3b

108
Q

MAC is made from

109
Q

interferons

A

inhibits virus infected cells, enhace mac, nk cells, cytoT cells and inhibit growth tumor

110
Q

HLA B27

A

ankylosing spondylitis

111
Q

HLA DR4

A

RA and juvenile diabetes

112
Q

antibodies against ach receptors

A

Myathenia gravis

113
Q

TSH activated by anti-receptor antibodies

114
Q

IgG of desmosomes

A

pemphigous vulgaris

115
Q

What can ferment lactose

116
Q

most common infant meningitis

117
Q

gram negative rods - 3

A

ecoli, shigella, salmonella

118
Q

purulent OM in children

A

H. influenza

119
Q

soft painful chancroid

A

H. ducreyi

120
Q

condylamata lata

121
Q

hard painless chancre

122
Q

bacteria without cell walls

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

123
Q

inclusion bodies” owl eyes”

124
Q

Koplik spots, cough, fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

A

measles = rubeola

125
Q

myocarditis/pericarditis, meningitis, respiratory infection, hand & foot rash

A

coxackie virus

126
Q

negri bodies in CNS

A

Rhadovirus - rabies

127
Q

IgG auto antibodies to epidermal BM

A

phemphigoid bullous

128
Q

Erhler Danlos syndrome

A

abnormal collagen and elastin formation - hyperelasticity & tissue gragility

129
Q

benign neoplasm of older people, raised papules/plaques

A

seborrheic keratosis

130
Q

Somatic cells bodies with motor function - efferent

A

ventral rami of gray matter spinal cord

131
Q

sensory fibers afferent information

A

dorsal rami of gray matter spinal cord

132
Q

pain and temperature travel the ___ to the ____

A

lateral spinothalamic tract to the visceral bodies of the lateral horn

133
Q

light tough travels the ___ to the ____

A

anterior spinothalamic tract to the thalamus

134
Q

Proprioception, 2 point discrimination are going to the ___ & ___ of the ____

A

gracilis & cuneatus fasiculi of the medulla

135
Q

muscle and position sense travel ___ to the ____

A

spinocerebellar tract to the cerebellum

136
Q

consolidate short term memory into longterm memory

A

hippocampus

137
Q

sphingolipids that build up in the brain, jewish/eastern europeans

NPLEX 1 (10 decks)

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