Anatomy Flashcards
spermatic cord
covering layers + their origins
contents (3 arteries + 5 other things)
internal spermatic fascia - from transversalis fascia
cremasteric fascia - from internal oblique
external spermatic fascia - from external oblique (outermost layer, deep to dartos muscle + scrotal fascia)
testicular, deferential + cremasteric arteries
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (ilioinguinal nerve runs outside cord)
vas deferens
pampiniform plexus
tunica vaginalis
lymph vessels
Piriform recess
its mucosa lies just over what structure?
this structure is involved in what function?
internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
innervates sensory + autonomic function of mucosa of larynx superior to vocal cords
mediates AFFERENT limb of COUGH REFLEX
(things lodged in piriform recess can damage it)
Iliohypogastric nerve
from what? course? innervates what?
injury during what?
L1 nerve root, lumbar plexus
from lateral border upper psoas, behind kidney, anterior to quadratus lumborum
motor - ANTEROLATERAL ABD. MUSCLES (int./transv.)
anterior branch - SUPRAPUBIC SKIN
lateral branch - LATERAL GLUTEAL REGION
injury - possible during APPENDECTOMY
most common site of BLUNT AORTIC INJURY
and MCC of this
AORTIC ISTHMUS (just distal to L subclavian a.) because it is tethered by the ligamentum arteriosum and is thus immobile relative to other parts of aorta
mcc is CAR CRASH with SUDDEN DECELERATION > stretching + torsional forces on aorta + heart
aortic isthmus injury
s/s? imaging? progno?
nonspecif - chest + back pain, dyspnea
cxr > wide mediastinum
> 80% die before hospital via aortic rupture
Stab just above clavicle, btwn midclav and sternal border, perpendicular to skin
what is likely injured?
pleura
apices extend above clavicle + rib 1 thru “superior thoracic aperature” into neck
accessory nerve
potential injury during what?
surgery to posterior triangle of neck
btwn SCM, trapezius, clavicle
ansa cervicalis
is what? innervates what? injured by what?
nerve loop from C1-C3 that innervates STERNOHYOID, STERNOTHYROID, and OMOHYOID in anterior neck
penetrating trauma to neck ABOVE CRICOID CARTILAGE can injure
inferior thyroid artery
source + course? injury assoc. w/ what?
from thyrocervical trunk > runs posterior to carotid + jugular
injury assoc. with hoarseness (runs next to recurrent laryngeal n. which is often injured with it)
most abundant collagen type
in what tissues?
defective in what disease?
type I collagen
in dermis, bone, tendons, ligaments, DENTIN, CORNEA, VESSELS and SCAR TISSUE
defective in OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
type II collagen
where?
cartilage
vitreous humor
nucleus pulposus
type III collagen
where?
defective in what disease?
skin, LUNGS, GI, vessels, MARROW, LYMPHATICS and GRANULATION TISSUE
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (types 3 + 4)
type IV collagen
where?
what disease?
basement membranes
Alport syndrome - glomerulonephritis, ESKD, hearing loss (eye changes without vision loss)
Phrenic nerve
origin? irritation/damage causes what? s/s?
C3-C5 cervical segments
dyspnea + HICCUPS
REFERRED SHOULDER PAIN - supraclavicular n. is from C3-C4
palsy > respiratory distress with DECREASED BREATH SOUNDS and ELEVATED HEMIDIAPHRAGM
(irritation can be via intrathoracic expansion of a tumor)
brachial plexus
what nerve roots?
C5-T1
contents of cavernous sinus?
5 nerves, 1 vessel
CN III CN IV - trochlear CN VI - abducens CN V/1 - ophthalmic CN V/2 - maxillary
ICA
serratus anterior
innervation (spinal segments) ? action + dysfunction?
long thoracic n. (C5-7)
scapula protraction
winging of scapula when outstretched hands pressed against wall = sign of dysfunction
musculocutaneous nerve
origin (plexus + segments)? innervates what?
brachial plexus, lateral cord, C5-C7
innervates biceps, coracobrachialis, and brachialis
gives LATERAL CUTANEOUS NERVE OF FOREARM
(articular branches to elbow joint + humerus)
4 muscles of rotator cuff
innervation + attachment
- Supraspinatus - suprascapular nerve; gr. tuberosity
- Infraspinatus - suprascapular nerve; gr. tuberosity
- Teres minor - axillary n.; greater tuberosity
- Subscapularis - upper/lower subscapular nerves; lesser tuberosity
Lateral-to-medial order of 4 important structures emerging from under inguinal ligament
Clinical significance?
Lateral 1. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve 2. Femoral nerve 3. Femoral artery 4. Femoral vein Medial
remember “NAV” for the big 3 - femoral lines can be placed in the vein by palpating the arterial pulse + inguinal ligament and cannulation 1 cm below ligament and 0.5-1.0 cm medial to pulse
What structures run thru the optic canal? (3)
CN II (optic n.)
ophthalmic artery
central retinal vein
What structures run thru the superior orbital fissure?
6
CN III CN IV (trochlear) CN V1 (ophthalmic) CN VI (abducens)
sympathetic fibers
ophthalmic vein
what structure runs thru the foramen rotundum?
CN V2 maxillary
What structure runs thru the foramen ovale?
CN V3 mandibular
what runs thru the foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery + vein
what runs thru the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI and jugular vein
acronym for retroperitoneal abdominal organs
which are “secondary retroperitoneal”?
SADPUCKER
Suprarenal glands Aorta + IVC Duodenum* (except 1st part) Pancreas* Ureter Colon* (asc. + desc.) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum (mid-distal)
*secondary retroperitoneal - develop intraperitoneal and migrate retro
Blood supply of ureters
Small branches from 5 different arteries supply the ureter; list them proximal to distal
- Renal
- Gonadal
- Common iliac
- Internal iliac
- Vesical
How far along the respiratory tract do GOBLET CELLS extend?
only to the level of the larger PROXIMAL BRONCHIOLES
beyond that, only serous fluid coats the mucosa
How far along the respiratory tract do CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS extend?
to the level of the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
but they do become less prevalent distally along the tract
How far along the respiratory tract is there CARTILAGE?
What other component of the respiratory mucosa follows a similar pattern?
through all the BRONCHI … the the smallest bronchi, but not in the bronchioles
(rings in trachea, plates in bronchi)
SUBMUCOSAL / SEROUS GLANDS also extend to the end of the bronchi
Where in the respiratory tract do ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES begin to appear?
in the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
so they are not just “alveolar”
Which femoral condyle does the ACL attach to? and PCL?
ACL - LATERAL femoral condyle (to anterior intercondylar tibia)
PCL - MEDIAL femoral condyle (to posterior intercondylar tibia)
deep inguinal ring
opening in what? bounded by what?
opening in TRANSVERSALIS FASCIA
bounded by TRANSVERSALIS muscle laterally and INFERIOR EPIGASTRIC vessels medially
(testes descend thru here)
superficial inguinal ring
is an opening in what?
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE APONEUROSIS
what is the conjoint tendon?
what space is it a boundary for?
common tendon of TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS and INTERNAL OBLIQUE mm.
forms part of posterior wall of inguinal canal
ophthalmic artery is a branch of what?
ICA
first branch after cavernous sinus part
proximal attachments of ACL and PCL
PCL - on the medial side of the MEDIAL FEMORAL CONDYLE
ACL - on the medial side of the LATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLE
“PM AL” - in the nighttime (PM) Al ruptured his cruciate ligaments
Describe the location of the AV node
in the RA on the INTERATRIAL SEPTUM
near the insertion of the SEPTAL LEAFLET of tricuspid and the opening of the CORONARY SINUS
