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anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS called and in the CNS called

A

ganglion in the PNS, nucleus in the CNS

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2
Q

describe a multipolar neurone

A

2 or more dendrites, all motor neurones of skeletal muscle and ANS. Cell body in CNS

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3
Q

describe a unipolar neurone

A

double process, aka pseudounipolar/sensory, cell body in PNS

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4
Q

modalities of the CN

A 
CN I- sensory
CN II- sensory
CNIII - motor
CN IV- motor
CN V - both 
CN VI- motor
CN VII- both
CN VIII- sensory
CN IX- both
CN X - both
CN XI- motor
CN XII- motor
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5
Q

Route through and exit from cranium of CN

A 
CN I- forebrain
CN II- forebrain
CNIII - midbrain
CN IV- midbrain
CN V - pons
CN VI- junction (P+med)
CN VII- junction (P+med)
CN VIII- junction (P+med)
CN IX- medulla
CN X - medulla
CN XI- SC
CN XII- medulla
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6
Q

how many spinal nerves

A 
31 pairs 
8 C
12 T
5 L
5 S
1 C
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7
Q

root of sensory axons

A

spinal nerve - posterior root - posterior rootlets - posterior horn of spinal cord

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8
Q

root of motor axons

A

from anterior horn of SC - anterior rootlets - anterior root - SC

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9
Q

what does each spinal nerve pair supply a body segment with

A

general sensory to all structures, somatic motor to skeletal muscles, symp nerve supply to skin and SM of arterioles

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10
Q

what is a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied with a sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve

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11
Q

what is a myotome

A

the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve. can be deep to the dermatome but not always

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12
Q

male nipple landmark

A

T4

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13
Q

umbilicus landmark

A

T10

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14
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 (post scalp, neck and diaphragm)

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15
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1 (upper limb)

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16
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4 (lower limb)

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17
Q

sacral plexus

A

L5-S4 (lower limb, gluteal region and perineum)

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18
Q

where are there lateral horns

A

T1-L2 (cell bodies - symp outflow)

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19
Q

where do presynaptic parasymp axons leave teh CNS

A

3, 7, 9, 10

sacral spinal nerves

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20
Q

extrinsoc back muscles

A

trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae, latissumus dorsi

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21
Q

intrinsic back muscles

A 
erector spinae (superficial - 3 vertical muscle groups located lateral to the spine)
transversospinalis (deep)
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22
Q

where do the erector spinae muscles attach inferiorly

A

sacrum and illiac crest

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23
Q

where is the transversospinalis found

A

within the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes

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24
Q

muscles of the aterolateral abdo wall

A

transverse abdomonius, internal oblique, external oblique

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25
Q

what muscles do flexion of the spine

A

psoas major and rectus abdominus

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26
Q

muscles do extension of the spine

A

erector spinae if they contract bilaterally. if unilateral you get lateral flexion

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27
Q

curvatures of the spine

A

cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral kyphosis

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28
Q

intervertebral foramen forme by

A

adjacent vertebrae

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29
Q

facet joint form by

A

between articular process and adjacent vertebrae

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30
Q

where is there not an intervertebral disc

A

between C1-C2 and the sused sacrum/coccyx

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31
Q

what are teh intervertebral discs made of

A

outer fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus), inner nucleus pulposus

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32
Q

what does the ligamentum flavum connect

A

adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord

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33
Q

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament do

A

prevents over flexion of spine. its narrow and weak

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34
Q

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament do

A

prevents over extension of spine. its string and broad so can provide some support for discs too

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35
Q

what does the supraspinous ligament do

A

connects tips of spinous processes

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36
Q

what doe steh interspinous ligament do

A

connect superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

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37
Q

describe Atlas

A

C1. doesnt have a body or spinous process

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38
Q

describe Axis

A

has odontoid process

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39
Q

which is vertebrae prominens

A

C7

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40
Q

describe the atlanto-occipital joint

A

between the occipital condyles and teh superior articular facets of teh atlas. Synovial joint

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41
Q

stages of cervical vertebrae dislocation

A

stage 1 - flexion sprain
stage 2 - anterior subluxation, 25% translation
stage 3 - 50% trsnslation
stage 4 - complete dislocation

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42
Q

describe the atlanto axial joints

A

3 articulations - all synovial
2 between inferior articular facets of teh atlas and the superior articular facets of teh axis. 1 between the anterior arch of teh atlas and odonoid process of teh axis. main movement is rotation

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43
Q

in caudal anasthesis where is local anaesthetic injected

A

sacral hiatus to anaestetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the causa equina

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44
Q

where does teh SC begin

A

foramen magnum

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45
Q

where is teh cauda equina

A

L2-C0

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46
Q

where is epidural fat found

A

between dura and bone

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47
Q

what is a laminectomy

A

removal of one or more spinal process and teh adjacent lamina

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48
Q

what are peripheral nerves

A

nerves that often have more than one spinal nerve root and therefore overlap more than one true dermatome - given names

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49
Q

what spinal nerves make up the femoral nerve

A

L2,3,4

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50
Q

what is teh nerve point of the neck

A

just above the midpoint of posterior border of SCM. sesnory nerves of cervical plexus.

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51
Q

posterior parts of the back dermatomes are supplied by..

A

posterior rami

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52
Q

what is teh snuff box supplied by

A

cutaneous branches of radial nerve

53
Q

what do teh posterior rami supply

A

posterior body wall

54
Q

what do the anterior rami supply

A

anterolateral body wall

55
Q

abduction and adduction of the shoulder joint

A

add - C7 (pec major and lat dorsi)

Abd- C5 (deltoid)

56
Q

eblow joint flexion and extension

A

flex - C5,C6 (biceps brachii)

ext - C7.C8 (triceps)

57
Q

finger joints flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

A

flex - c8 (digit flexors)
ext - c7 (digit extensors)
abduction - T1 (dorsal interossei)
adduction - T1 palmar interossei

58
Q

wrist flex and extension

A

flex - c6,7 (carpal flexors)

ext c7,8 (carpal extensors)

59
Q

hip flexion and extension

A

flex - l2,3 (psoas major)

ext - l5, s1 (glut max, hamstrings)

60
Q

knee flex and extension

A

flex - l5,s1 (hamstrings)

exten l3, 4 (quads)

61
Q

ankle dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion

A

dorsiflex - l4,5 (tibialis anterior)
plantar flexion s1,s2 (gastrocnemius/soleus)
inversion - l4 (inbialis ant and post)
eversion l5,s1 (fibularis longus and brevis)

62
Q

UMN lesion leads to what type of reflex

A

spasticity

63
Q

LMN lesion leads to ehat type of reflex

A

flaccidity

64
Q

knee reflex

A

l4

65
Q

biceps reflex

A

c5,(6)

66
Q

supinator/brachioradialis reflex

A

c6

67
Q

triceps reflex

A

c7

68
Q

ankle refled

A

s1

69
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

CN VIII

70
Q

muscles of mastication

A

CN V

71
Q

muscles of tongue

A

CN XII

72
Q

muscles of soft palate

A

CN X/pharangeal plexus

73
Q

muscles of neck posture

A

post rami of cervical spinal nerves

74
Q

strap muscles

A

cervial plexus

75
Q

muscles of diaphragm

A

c3,4,5 (phrenic nerve)

76
Q

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

A

CN XI

77
Q

muscles of pharynx

A

CN X

78
Q

intrinsoc muscles of larynx

A

CNX

79
Q

intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerves

80
Q

anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A

thoracoabdominal nerves

81
Q

erector spinae and transversospinalis

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

82
Q

deltoid and teres minor peripheral nerve motor innervation

A

axillary berve - c5,6

83
Q

anterior compartment of arm peripheral nerve motor innervation (biceps, coracobrachialis, brachialis)

A

musculocutaneous nerve c5,6,7

84
Q 
anterior compartment of forearm peripheral nerve motor innervation(the pronator muscles (teres & quadratus)
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
muscles of the hand: 
thenar muscles
lumbricals 1&2)
A

median nerve (c5) 6,7,8,T1

85
Q

muscles of posterior compartment of arm (triceps brachii) +
muscles of the posterior compartment of forearm (brachioradialis
supinator) +
ALL the extensors of the carpus & digits
abductor pollicis longus peripheral nerve motor innervation

A

radial nerve (C5),6,7,8,T1

86
Q

muscles of anterior compartment of forearm (flexor carpi ulnaris
medial half of flexor pollicis longus
adductor pollicis) +
muscles of the hand
(hypothenar muscles, lumbricals 3&4
& ALL the interossei (dorsal & palmar)) peripheral nerve motor innervation

A

ulnar nerve c(7), 8, T1

87
Q

what is the rotator cuff supplied by

A

branches of brachial plexus

88
Q

what supplies the quads, sartorius, pectineus

A

femoral nerve l2,3,4

89
Q

what supplies the medial compartment of the thigh (all adductors (brevis, longus, magnus) and gracilis)

A

obturator nerve l2,3,4

90
Q

what supplies the short head of biceps femoris

A

sciatic nerve l4-s3 - common fibular part - l4-s2

91
Q

supply to the muscles of teh lateral compartment of the leg (fubularis longus and brevis)

A

common fibular nerve - superficial fribular branch

92
Q 
supply to the muscles of the anterior compartment of leg:
(fibularis longus & brevis) +
muscles of the dorsum of the foot:
(extensor digitorum brevis (EDB)
extensor hallucis brevis (EHB))
A

common fibular nerve - deep fibular branch

93
Q

muscles of the posterior compartment of leg:
(true hamstrings -
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
long head of biceps femoris) +
muscles of the posterior compartment of leg:
(gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
popliteus
tibialis posterior) +
muscles of the sole of the foot:
(flexors of the digits (digitorum & hallucis longus)
ALL intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot)

A

sciatic nerve l4-s3 - tibial part - l4-s3

94
Q

divisions of trigeminal nerve

A

opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

95
Q

where does trigeminal connect to CNS, intercranial part of course, base of skull foramen and extracranial part of course

A

pons (only nerve to come directly off of pons), inferior to edge of tentorium cerebelli, foramen - v1 - superior orbital fissure, v2-foramen rotundum, v3- foramen ovale. extra cranial - course from superficial and deep structures of teh face posteriorly towards the base of skull formaen.

96
Q

what does v1 supply

A

upper eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, skin of root/bridge/tip of nose

97
Q

what does v2 supply

A

skin of lower eyelid, maxilla, ala of nose, upper lip

98
Q

what does v3 supply

A

mandible, temperomandibular joint (except angle of mandible which is supplied by c2,3 spinal nerves)

99
Q

deep structures v1/2/3 supply

A

1- bones + soft tissue of orbit, paranasal sinuses, anterior and posterior cranial fossae
2 - lower posterionasal cavity, maxilla and mandibular sinuses, floor of nasal cavity, maxillary teeth and associated soft tissue
3- middle cranial fossa, mandible, anterior 2/3 tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, mandibular teeth

100
Q

trigeminal nerve motor innervation

A

3 jaw closing muscles - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
1 jaw opeing muscle - lateral pterygoid

101
Q

where does facial nerve connect to CNS, intercranial part of course, base of skull foramen and extracranial part of course

A

pontomedullary junction, internal acoustic meatus in posterior cranial fossa, temporal bone - internal acoustic meatus/stylomastoid formamen, pass into parotid gland and then into 1 of the 5 muscles that supply facial expression

102
Q

what is the corda tymphanii (where does it come from and what does it supply)

A

branch of CN VII (rides with cn v3)

taste buds of teh anterior 2/3 tongue

103
Q

what does facial nerve supply with para

A

parasympathetic supply to submandibular and sublingual saliv glands

104
Q

glossopharangeal nerve connect to CNS, intercranial part of course, base of skull foramen and extracranial part of course

A

lateral aspect of superior medulla oblongata, towards jugular foramen in posterior cranial fossa, junction between temporal bone and occipital bone - jugular foramen, axons mainly pass to or from the palate and tongue

105
Q

what does CN IX supply

A
  1. general sensory - loads
  2. special sensory to vallate papillae of the post 1/3 tongue
  3. para to parotid gland
  4. somatic motor to stylopharangeus (long muscle of pharynx)
  5. visceral afferents to carotid sinus baroreceptors and the carotid body chemoreceptors
106
Q

vagus nerve connect to CNS, intercranial part of course, base of skull foramen and extracranial part of course

A

lateral aspect of medulla, directly towards jugular formane, unction between occipital and temporal bone - jugular foramen, axons supply lots of structures between palate and midgut

107
Q

where does the right and left CN X travel in the chest and abdomen

A

right - down lateral aspect of trachea
left - down lateral aspect of aortic arch
both pass posterior lung root and onto oesophagus, both pass through diaphragm with oesophagus
both pass onto surface of stomach
- foregut branches, branches to celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, midgut branches, pancreatic branches, splenic branches, renal branches, last para branches pass to splenic flexure of the colon

108
Q

spinal accessory nerves connect to CNS, intercranial part of course, base of skull foramen and extracranial part of course

A

cervical spine nerves anterior rootlets to the spinal cord, through foramen magnum then towards jugular foramen, between occipital and temporal bone, axons supply sternocleidomastoid then continue across posterior triangle of neck to supply trapezius

109
Q

hypoglossal nerves connect to CNS, intercranial part of course, base of skull foramen and extracranial part of course

A

via many rootlets that attatch lateral to the pyramids of medualla oblongata, pass anteriorly towrads hypoglossal canal, hypoglossal canal, descends in neck lateral to carotid sheath, at level of hyoid bone it passes anteriorly towards lateral aspect of tongue, supplies most muscles of the tongue

110
Q

damage to hypoglossal nerve

A

stick tongue out, tip will point towards the side of the injured nerve

111
Q

5 layers of teh scalp

A 
s- skin
c- connective tissue
a - aponeurosis
l - loose connective tissue
p - pericranium
112
Q

describe location of the pterion and what artery is at risk of damage

A

H shaped, frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid
thinnest part of skull
middle menengial artery passes deep to it

113
Q

what is teh diaphgram sellae

A

sheet of dura mater froming a roof over the pituitary fossa

the pituitary stalk sticks through it

114
Q

what is tentorium cerebelli

A

sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum. attaches teh ridges of temporal bones and has a central gap to allow brainstem to pass through

115
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

midline structure made of dura mater which attaches to teh deep aspect of the skull. it separates the left and right hemispheres

116
Q

what is the subarachnoid space and when does it end

A

between pia mater and arachnoid mater. contains CSF. reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations. It ends at S2

117
Q

dscribe the circulation of CSF

A

secreted by choroid plexus from the lefta nd right ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, via the cerebral adquduct into 4th ventricle, then mainly into subarachnoid space, then reabsorbed from subarachnoid space via arachnoid granulations (recycle back into vascular system), into dural venous sinuses

118
Q

treatment of hydrocephalus

A

ventricular peritoneal shunt - shunt catheter tunneled beneath skin of teh neck and chest then sites within teh peritoneal cavity

119
Q

what is an extradural haemorrhage

A

between bone and dura. Ruptured middle menengial artery. trauma to pterion

120
Q

what is a subdural haemorrhage

A

seperates the dura from the arachnoid. torn cerebral veins. falls in the elderly and alcoholics

121
Q

subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

into the CFS of the arachnoid space. ruptured circle of willis (‘berry aneurysm’, congenital aneurysm

122
Q

epidural

A

needle passes through supra and then interspinous ligaments, ligamentun flavum - epidural space

123
Q

lumbar puncture

A

needle passes through supra and then interspinous ligaments, ligamentun flavum - epidural space - through the dura mater and arachnoid materto reach subarachnoid space to obtain CSF

124
Q

what can damage to the extradural venous plexus result in

A

epidural haematoma compressing sinal cord or cauda equina

125
Q

where to insert needle for epidural

A

l3/4

126
Q

supratentorial herniation

A

cingulate, central, uncal, transclavarial

127
Q

infratentorial herniation

A

upwards or downwards

128
Q

what can compression of the oculomotor nerve by an uncalherniation lead to

A

ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil (blown pupil)

neurology flashcards (8 decks)

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