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Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mucosa?

A

Epithilium and lamina propria

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2
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Defecnce against infection (tonsils)
Swallowing
Airway protection

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3
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Transpor from pharynx to stomach

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4
Q

What is the function of the large intestine and anus?

A

Transit, Reabsorbtion of water and electrolytes, stool formation and waste excretion

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5
Q

What organs are part of the upper GI tract?

A

Oral cavity, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine

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6
Q

Which organs are part of the lower GI tract?

A

Caecum, Appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal and anus

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7
Q

When does the upper GI tract become the lower GI tract?

A

ileocecal junction

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8
Q

What feature does the GI tract have to prevent poisons?

A

Special sensory receptors: taste buds

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9
Q

What feature does the GI tract have to prevent sharp objects/hot/cold substances?

A

General sensory receptors

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10
Q

What feature does the GI tract have to prevent bacteria viruses?

A

Saliva, tonsils and stomach acid

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11
Q

What feature does the GI tract have to prevent obstruction?

A

Chewing, lubrication, swallowing and peristalsis

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12
Q

What feature does the GI tract have to prevent aspiration?

A

Cough reflex

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13
Q

How do we prevent drooling?

A

Muscles of facial expression and orbicularis oris is the circular muscle surrounding the mouth that lays within the lips.

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14
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression lie?

A

Between the superficial fascia and the fascial skeleton

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15
Q

What epithilium lines the oral cavity?

A

Stratified squamous epithilium

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16
Q

Where is keritinised stratified squamous epithilium present in the mouth?

A

Gingivae and hard palate.

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17
Q

Saliva is 99% water but is a solute allowing what?

A

Taste to occur

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18
Q

Mucin is found in saliva, why?

A

Lubricant to aid swallowing and speech and to keep mucosa moist

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19
Q

What buffers plaque acid, contains amylase and antimicrobial elements?

A

Saliva

20
Q

What are the minor salivary glands?

A

1000s in oral mucosa and basal secretion is continuous to keep the mouth moist

21
Q

What stimulates salivation?

A

Thourght, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
Painful conditions- teething/fractured mandible

22
Q

What cells line the pharynx?

A

Non- keratenised stratified epithilium

23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx- superior to the soft palate
Oropharynx- between soft palate and epiglottis
Laryngopharynx- between epiglottis and oesophagus

24
Q

What reduces the chance of aspiration?

A

Raising of the larynx towards the pharynx and the cough reflex

25
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet?

A

Opening to the airway

26
Q

Why are children more likely to choke?

A

Floppy epiglottis

27
Q

What lines the oesophagus?

A

Non keratinised stratified epithilium

28
Q

What type of muscle is in the wall of the oesophagus?

A

Skeletal muscle superiorly transitioning to smooth muscle inferiorly

29
Q

What level does the oesophagus peirce the diaphragm?

A

T10

30
Q

What forms the abdominal cavity?

A

Bones- ribs spine and pelvis

Muscle- Diaphragm, back and anterolateral wall

31
Q

Where is the small intestine located?

A

All 4 quadrants

32
Q

How is the small intestine attached to the body wall?

A

Mesentry

33
Q

Is the illeum inra or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

34
Q

Is the jujenum inra or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

35
Q

Is the duodenum inra or retroperitoneal?

A

Both

36
Q

What is mesentary and what are its functions?

A

Double layer of peritoneum.
Connects intraperitoeneal organ to body wall
Allows passage of neurovasculature

37
Q

Where is the large intestine located?

A

All 4 quadrants

38
Q

What are the 2 flectures of the colon and which is higher?

A 
Hepatic flecture
Splenic flecture (higher)
39
Q

Is the ascending colon inra or retroperitoneal?

A

Reteroperitoneal

40
Q

Is the transverse colon inra or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

41
Q

Is the descending colon inra or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

42
Q

Is the sigmoid colon inra or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

43
Q

What type of muscle is the wall of the rectum and anal canal?

A

Smooth muscle

44
Q

What type of muscle forms the anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle

45
Q

What is the function of circular and longitudinal muscle in the wall of the GI tract?

A

Circular muscle narrows the lumen

Longitudinal muscle shortens the tube

46
Q

What is the bodies respose to an obstruction in the GI tract?

A

Increase peristalsis proximal to the site of obstruction to remove it

47
Q

Why is colicky pain a pain that comes and goes?

A

Peristalsis

Principles (12 decks)

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