Anatomy Flashcards
What is a mucosa?
Epithilium and lamina propria
What is the function of the pharynx?
Defecnce against infection (tonsils)
Swallowing
Airway protection
What is the function of the oesophagus?
Transpor from pharynx to stomach
What is the function of the large intestine and anus?
Transit, Reabsorbtion of water and electrolytes, stool formation and waste excretion
What organs are part of the upper GI tract?
Oral cavity, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine
Which organs are part of the lower GI tract?
Caecum, Appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal and anus
When does the upper GI tract become the lower GI tract?
ileocecal junction
What feature does the GI tract have to prevent poisons?
Special sensory receptors: taste buds
What feature does the GI tract have to prevent sharp objects/hot/cold substances?
General sensory receptors
What feature does the GI tract have to prevent bacteria viruses?
Saliva, tonsils and stomach acid
What feature does the GI tract have to prevent obstruction?
Chewing, lubrication, swallowing and peristalsis
What feature does the GI tract have to prevent aspiration?
Cough reflex
How do we prevent drooling?
Muscles of facial expression and orbicularis oris is the circular muscle surrounding the mouth that lays within the lips.
Where do the muscles of facial expression lie?
Between the superficial fascia and the fascial skeleton
What epithilium lines the oral cavity?
Stratified squamous epithilium
Where is keritinised stratified squamous epithilium present in the mouth?
Gingivae and hard palate.
Saliva is 99% water but is a solute allowing what?
Taste to occur
Mucin is found in saliva, why?
Lubricant to aid swallowing and speech and to keep mucosa moist
What buffers plaque acid, contains amylase and antimicrobial elements?
Saliva
What are the minor salivary glands?
1000s in oral mucosa and basal secretion is continuous to keep the mouth moist
What stimulates salivation?
Thourght, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
Painful conditions- teething/fractured mandible
What cells line the pharynx?
Non- keratenised stratified epithilium
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx- superior to the soft palate
Oropharynx- between soft palate and epiglottis
Laryngopharynx- between epiglottis and oesophagus
What reduces the chance of aspiration?
Raising of the larynx towards the pharynx and the cough reflex
What is the laryngeal inlet?
Opening to the airway
Why are children more likely to choke?
Floppy epiglottis
What lines the oesophagus?
Non keratinised stratified epithilium
What type of muscle is in the wall of the oesophagus?
Skeletal muscle superiorly transitioning to smooth muscle inferiorly
What level does the oesophagus peirce the diaphragm?
T10
What forms the abdominal cavity?
Bones- ribs spine and pelvis
Muscle- Diaphragm, back and anterolateral wall
Where is the small intestine located?
All 4 quadrants
How is the small intestine attached to the body wall?
Mesentry
Is the illeum inra or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
Is the jujenum inra or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
Is the duodenum inra or retroperitoneal?
Both
What is mesentary and what are its functions?
Double layer of peritoneum.
Connects intraperitoeneal organ to body wall
Allows passage of neurovasculature
Where is the large intestine located?
All 4 quadrants
What are the 2 flectures of the colon and which is higher?
Hepatic flecture Splenic flecture (higher)
Is the ascending colon inra or retroperitoneal?
Reteroperitoneal
Is the transverse colon inra or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
Is the descending colon inra or retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
Is the sigmoid colon inra or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
What type of muscle is the wall of the rectum and anal canal?
Smooth muscle
What type of muscle forms the anal sphincter?
Skeletal muscle
What is the function of circular and longitudinal muscle in the wall of the GI tract?
Circular muscle narrows the lumen
Longitudinal muscle shortens the tube
What is the bodies respose to an obstruction in the GI tract?
Increase peristalsis proximal to the site of obstruction to remove it
Why is colicky pain a pain that comes and goes?
Peristalsis