Anatomy

Question 1

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 1

Nasopharynx
orophaynx
layngoparynx

Question 2

Why can thoacic diseases (Aeortic anyerism, lung cancer ect) cause a hoarse voice?

Answer 2

The left recurrent largneal nerve (Branch of the vagus nerve) supplies the muscles of the vocal cords. It runs below the aortic arch and back up into the neck, and so can be impinged in the thorax and this will affect its ability to coordinate vocal cord movement for clear speach

Question 3

How many ribs are there?

Answer 3

12 (11 and 12 are floating- don’t connect to sternum by hyaline cartilage)

Question 4

What are the names of the bones of the sternum?

Answer 4

Superiorly- mandubrium
middle- body of sternum
inferior- xiphisternum/ xiphoid process

Question 5

Describe the lay out of the 3 intercostal muscles

Answer 5

From out to in:
Extenal, internal and inner most 
Innermost ICM (run vertically) are only found on lateral aspects
Internal ICM (run anteromedial- posterolateral)are found globally
External ICM (run posterolateral- anteromedial (hands in pockets) are not found on the anterior aspect

Question 6

Describe the actions of the innermost and internal ICM

Answer 6

they pull the ribs down to assist forced expiration

Question 7

Describe the actions of the external ICM?

Answer 7

pull ribs up in forced inspiration

Question 8

Where are the intercostal nerve, artery and veins run in relation to the rib?

Answer 8

on the ribs lower margin

Question 9

What are the similies for the movements of the chest wall? explain them

Answer 9

Ribs can push up and out like a bucket handle

Sternum moves forwards and up like a pump handle.

Question 10

Which rib does the diaphragm dome up to?

Answer 10

rib 4 or 4

Question 11

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm and what are the roots of this nerve?

Answer 11

C3,4,5

Question 12

What 3 structures go through the diaphragm? What vertebral level do they penetrate it at

Answer 12

Vena Cava (T8) , Oesphagus (T10), Aeotic hiatus ( T12) 
- can remember by length of words= level

Question 13

Describe the lobes of the lungs

Answer 13

The left lung has two lobes- superior lobe (makes up most of front) and inferior lobe (makes up most of back and lateral side)
The right lung has a superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe

Question 14

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

Answer 14

Intercostal and phrenic nerves

Question 15

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

Answer 15

bronchial arteries

Question 16

Where does the blood from the lungs drain into?

Answer 16

They drain into the pulmonary vein (and a bit of bronchial vein but not much)

Question 17

Where do the intercostal arteries arise and describe the drainage

Answer 17

The superior ICA arise form he subclavian artery, lower ones from the aorta.
They drain into intercostal veins, then into the azygos vein which runs down the side of the spine, and then into the IVC

Question 18

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs

Answer 18

It drains to the hilar nodes, which drain to the tracheobronchial nodes

Question 19

What nerve control bronchioconstriction

Answer 19

valgus nerve (CNXI) (parasympathetic fibres)

Question 20

What controls bronchiodilation and vasoconstriction?

Answer 20

sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic trunk

Question 21

Why do most forgein bodies enter the right not the left lung?

Answer 21

The right bronchi is more verticle.

Question 22

What do the intercostal nerves innervate?

Answer 22

the skin, parietal pleura and the intercostal muscles

Question 23

What innervates the visceral pleura?

Answer 23

the vagus nerve and paraympathetics