Anatomy Flashcards
List the layers of the spermatic cord from out to in
- external spermatic fascia - cremasteric fascia - internal spermatic fasica - blood vessels/ vas deferense/ nerves run inside
What is the spermatic cord made up of/ containing?
3 fasicas - 3 arteries- testicular, cremasteric, to vas - 3 veins- testicular (pampiniform plexus), vas and cremasteric - 3 nerves- ilioinguinal, N to cremaster, sympathetics to vas (ejactulation) Also cremaster muscle and processus vaginalis
What does the cremasteric muscle do and what is its role in the cremasteric reflex?
Pulls testicles up when cold or when inside thigh touched
Which layer of the sprematic cord does the ilioinguinal nerve travel?
below external spermatic fascia and above cremasteric fascia
Where does the vas deferens run?
Enter superficial inguinal ring and exit deep inguinal ring, so goes pubis and over top of bladder, run medial to entrance of ureter into bladder and down the back of the bladder, into prostate
What is the tunica vaginalis?
a pouch of petioneum pinched off from the descent of the testis, it therefor has a partieal, visceral layer and a cavity
What is a bell- clapper deformity and what is it a risk factor for?
Where the tunica vaginalis doesnt just cover half the testis but envelops all of it, meaning the testis is lying flat rather than pointing upwards. This predisposes to testicular torsion
What is the corpus cavernosum and spongiosum?
Cavernousm= blocks of spongy tissues at the superior side of the penis, which fill with blood to maintain an erection Spongiosum= spongy tissue at bottom of penis, containing urethera
What is the tunica albugenia?
Two layers of collagen surroudning the corpus cavernousum and sopngiosum, which are at right angles to eachother. This keeps the penis straight in an erection.
What is a hydrocele?
Swelling/ enlargement of the tunica vaginalis
What is a varicocele?
dilation of pampniform plexus, making it feel like bag of worms
Describe the zones of the prostate
- Transitional zone is inner, surroudning the urethera - Anterior region at front - Peripheral zone at back
Which zones are affected more in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancers?
BPH- transitional zone (so weeing affected first as it compresses urethera) Prostate cancer- peripheral zone (close proximity to anus, so can feel in DRE)
Where do the testicles, scrotum and eppididermis lymphatics drain to??
testicles: drain to paraaeortic nodes
scrotum: drain to inguinal nodes in groin
Epididermis and seminal vesicles drain to internal and external iliac nodes
Describe the blood supply to the testicles and penis
- Testicles are supplied the testicular artery. this comes from abdominal aeorta and travels with it as it descends - Penis is supplied by internal pudendal artery, which comes off the internal iliac artery
Where are the testicles veins drained to?
- R testicle drains to vena cava - L testicle drains to left renal vein - So the right is under slightly higher pressure than left
Describe the parts of the male uerthera from penis to bladder
- Starts w/ bulbous part (penile meatus), as travels through penis it is spongy urethera - Then bends, still spongy - The bends again, and dilates- bulbous region - After bend, before it enters & within the prostate it is membranous - As it leaves prostate into bladder there is a pre- prostatic region
Describe the suspensory ligament of the penis
A ring around the base of the penis, which is also attched to the pubic symphysis, which maintains the primary curve of the penis
What is the end of the penis called?
The glans
Describe the round ligament.
Connects the uterus to labia major (runs through inguinal canal), thus suspending it in the cavity
Describe the ovarian ligament
Connects the ovaries to the uterotubal junction (bit at end of fallopian tube on uterus)
Describe the suspensory ovarian ligament
connects the ovaries to the ilium of the pelvis, thus suspending it from above
What is the broad ligament?
peritoneal fold of peritoneum above the uterus. The ovaries are above it, the fallopian tubes are below it.
name and describe the parts of the broad ligament
- Mesophalinx (above fallopian tubes) 2. Mesovarium (connects fallopian tubes to ovarian ligament) 3. Mesometrium (Forms the rest of the broad ligament- lies over the top of the uterus, extends posteriorly and also anteriorly over the bladder, connecting to the pubis
Describe the path of the ureters and urether
ureters travel behind the broad ligament and under the uterine arteries. They attach into the bladder on its posterior side either side of the lower uterus/ upper vagina. The urethra leaves the bladder and exits anterior to the vagina
What are the parts of the fallopian tubes from proximal to distal? Which region are ectopic pregnancies most likley to occur in?
- intrauterine
- isthmus
- ampulla (ectopic pregnancies most likley to occur here)
- infundibulum
- fimbrae
What are the 3 layers of the uterus from in to out
- endometrium - myometrium - perimetrium
What are the fornices?
Recesses formed around the margin of the cervix where it protrudes into the vagina. there are lateral, anterior and posterior fornix.
What blood vessels supply and drain the ovaries; describe their course.
The ovarian arteries and veins. The ovarian artery comes off the abdominal aeorta below the renal arteries. The right ovarian vein drains into the IVC. The left drains into the renal vein. These blood vessels travel in the suspensory ligament of the ovary.
Describe the course of the uterine arteries and veins (blood vessels for uterus)
Uterine arteries arise from internal iliac artery, run through broad ligament and send branches to upper vagina and cervix and also anastomoses with ovarian arteries. Uterine veins drain to internal iliac veins via venous plexus (which drains blood from vagina and bladder also)
Describe the blood supply to the vagina
The vaginal, uterine, rectal and internal pudendal branches from the internal iliac artery
Describe the venous drainage of the vagina
Vaginal veins drain into the venous plexuses and into the internal iliac veins.
What are the 3 parts of the uterus
Fundus (top), body and cervix
Describe the normal position of the uterus
It is anteverted (acute anterior angle of vagina and cervix) and anteflexed (anterior flexion of the uterine body and cervix)
When can the uterus position change to become retroverted +/- retroflexed?
After pregnancy, when the broad and round ligaments become stretched
How does the cervix change after giving birth?
It goes from being circular to more of a slit
What is enclosed within the labia minora?
The vestibule- with urethral orifice superiorly and vaginal opening inferiorly.
What is the hymen?
A membrane covering the vaginal orifice. It Rupture in early life from trauma or from first intercourse and leaves reminants around the vagina orifice
What two glands are found in the external female genitalia?
Greater vestibular glands- either side of the vaginal orifice which secrete mucus to lubricate vagina Paraurethral glands- either side of the urethral orifice.
What is FGM?
Female genital mutilation- varying degrees, may just be removing clitoris, removing clitoris and labia minor or sewing together the labia majora, leaving a small hole for menstrual fluid and urine.
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries uterus, vagina and cervix.
- Uterus fundus and ovaries= para- aeortic
- Uterus= superficial inguinal (lower part), internal and external iliac (upper part)
- Cervix= sacral and internal iliac
- Vagina= internal iliac, superficial inguinal
What lable should be in the green box?
Crus (of penis/ clitoris)
State the correct labels for the red, green, blue an organe boxes
Blue= rete testis
Green= Tunica vaginalis
Red= tunica albergenia
Orange= epididermis
Which nerve supplies sensory to the mons pubic and anterior labia majora region?
Illioinguinal nerve - via a branch called the anteior labial nerve
Which nerve innervates the regions of skin lateral to the labia majora.
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Which nerve innervates the clitoris, perineum and area around the anus?
The pudendal nerve (via posterior labial and inferior anal N)
