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2.3.5. Gastrointestinal System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa (innermost)

Submucosa = dense CT, blood vessels, lymphoid tissue, Meissner plexus

External muscle layers = auerbach plexus

Serosa (outermost) = blood/lymph vessels

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2
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium = facilitate transport, absorption, hormones, mucus

Lamina propria = lymphoid nodes, IgA

Muscularis mucosae = smooth muscle

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3
Q

What epithelia type lines the gut?

A

Stratified squamous = beginning and end of gut

When secretion/absorption is needed = simple columnar

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4
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

Simple columnar cell that has been specialised for absorption

Microvilli = brush border (contains enzymes)

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5
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

Scattered between enterocytes

Prod mucus = lubrication, resist acid (HCO3), protection, food source for bacteria

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6
Q

What are foveolar cells?

A

Line gastric mucosa/pits

Secrete mucus/HCO3

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7
Q

How does the GI tract achieve such a large surface area?

A

Permanent folds

Villi

Microvilli

Crypts

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8
Q

What happens when the bowel becomes perforated?

A

Spill into the peritoneal cavity

Highly acidic

Infection

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9
Q

What is the role of stem cells in the GI tract?

A

Reside in crypts

Constantly divide to replace epithelia

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10
Q

Outline paneth cells

A

Base of crypts

Secrete anti-bacterial proteins

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11
Q

Describe enteroendocrine cells in the gut

A

Deep in crypts

Secrete = gastrin, CCK, secretin

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12
Q

Define cryptitis

A

Inflam of gut wall

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13
Q

Define crypt abscess

A

Presence of neutrophils in gut lumen

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14
Q

How is exocrine glandular tissue in the gut organised?

A

Acini = serous secretions and enzymes

Tubules = secrete mucous

E.g. Salivary, pancreas

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15
Q

Define ulceration

A

Erosion through muscularis mucosae

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16
Q

Outline coeliac disease

A

Inability to tolerate gliadin

Damages mucosa

17
Q

What is IBS?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

Symptoms = abdo pain, changes in bowel movements, without evidence of underlying disease

18
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall

A

Skin

Subcutaneous fat

Fascia: Fascia: Superficial/Deep

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominis

Rectus abdominis

Transversalis fascia

Peritoneum

19
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Thin sheet like tendon

Where = external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

20
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis of lateral muscle surrounding the rectus abdominis

21
Q

How does the rectus sheath vary?

A

Arcuate line = half way between naval and pubic symphysis

External oblique always anterior

Above = internal (A and P), transverse (P) around rectus abdominis

Below = internal/transverse only anterior of rectus abdominis

22
Q

What is mesentery?

A

Double fold of peritoneum that attaches certain viscera to the posterior abdo wall

Conduit = blood vessels, lymph, nerves, fat

Jejunum, ileum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

23
Q

Describe what a peritoneal ligament is

A

Double fold of peritoneum that connects 2 viscera together

Or double fold connecting viscera to anterior abdo wall

24
Q

What is omenta?

A

Double fold peritoneum

Greater = down from greater curve of stomach

Lesser = connects lesser curve of stomach to liver

25
Q

What is the purpose of sphincters?

A

Divide tube into sections

Control movement along tube

Prevent reflux

26
Q

Name the sphincters of the Gi tract

A

Upper oesophageal

Lower oesophageal

Pyloric sphincter

Oddi

Ileo-caecal (valve)

Anal = Internal, External (voluntary)

27
Q

Outline the blood supply to the Gi tract

A

Foregut = coeliac trunk

Midgut = superior mesenteric A

Hindgut = inferior mesenteric A

28
Q

What is the venous drainages of the gut?

A

All goes to the liver via the portal vein

29
Q

Where do the linea semilunares lie?

A

vertically at the lateral edges of the rectus abdominus muscles

30
Q

What distinguishes sites of high absorption in the GI tract from sites of low absorption?

A

large surface area

31
Q

Where is the most common site for peptic ulceration?

A

duodenum

32
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

liver to the lesser curve of the stomach and proximal duodenum

33
Q

The portal vein is formed when which 2 veins unite?

A

superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

34
Q

What is the location of the linea alba?

A

vertical midline from the xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

2.3.5. Gastrointestinal System (17 decks)

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