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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal curvatures

A 
Cervical lordosis (2y)
Thoracic kyphosis (1y)
Lumbar lordosis (2y)
Sacral kyphosis (1y)
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2
Q

First palpable spinous process

A

C7 - vertebra prominens

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3
Q

Palpable osteology of the posterior pelvis

A

Iliac crests

Posterior superior iliac spines

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4
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

Between sacrum and ischial tuberosity

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5
Q

Sacrospinous ligament

A

Between sacrum and ischial spine

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6
Q

Nervous supply of gluteus maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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7
Q

Nervous supply of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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8
Q

Inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle

A

Inferior gluteal

  • artery
  • vein
  • nerve
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9
Q

Superior gluteal neurovascular bundle

A

Superior gluteal

  • artery
  • vein
  • nerve
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10
Q

Root of sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3

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11
Q

Spliting of sciatic nerve

A 
Tibial nerve (medial)
Common fibular (lateral)
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12
Q

Root of pudenal nerve

A

S2-4

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13
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A

S1-3

Supplies skin over the posterior thigh

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14
Q

Superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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15
Q

Deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli (inferior and superior)
Quadratus femoris

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16
Q

Iliotibial tract

A

Runs from ASIS to the lateral tibial condyle

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17
Q

Role of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

Extensors, abductors, medial rotators of the thigh

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18
Q

Trendelenburg Gait

A

Abnormal gait
Found in those with weak abductor muscles of the hip (supplied by superior gluteal nerve)
- No motor function of these muscles

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19
Q

Role of the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Lateral rotators of the thigh
‘Hip stabilisers’
They hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum: hold the hip joint in place

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20
Q

Entry point of the nerves supplying the pelvis and perineum

A

Greater (pelvis) and lesser (perineum) sciatic foramen

- These are made up of the ligaments and the greater and lesser sciatic notches

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21
Q

Gluteal region and injections

A

Divided into four quadrants

Administered to the outer upper quadrant

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22
Q

Sciatic Nerve Supply

A

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
Most of the skin
= via the tibial and common fibular branches

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23
Q

Sciatic nerve and greater sciatic foramen

A

The most lateral exiting structure

Usually exits inferior to piriformis

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24
Q

Splitting of sciatic nerve

A

Usually occurs in the distal 1/3rd if the thigh

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25
Q

Superior Boundary of the Femoral Traingle

A

Inguinal Ligament

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26
Q

Lateral Border of the Femoral Triangle

A

Medial border of sartorius

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27
Q

Medial Border of the Femoral Triangle

A

Lateral border of abductor longus

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28
Q

Floor of the Femoral Triangle

A

Iliopsoas and pectineus

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29
Q

Roof of the Femoral Triangle

A

Deep fascia

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30
Q

Span of the inguinal ligament

A

ASIS to the pubic tubercle

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31
Q

Inguinal ligament

A

Thickened inferior edge of the oblique aponeurosis

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32
Q

Contents of femoral triangle (L –> M)

A

Femoral nerve, artery and vein

Deep inguinal nodes

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33
Q

Compartments of the Thigh

A

Anterior, Medial, Posterior

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34
Q

Compartments of the Leg

A

Anterior, Lateral, Posterior

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35
Q

Flexors of the thigh

A

Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius

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36
Q

Extensors of the thigh

A

Quadriceps femoris

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37
Q

Nerve supply of pectineus

A

Femoral Nerve

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38
Q

Nerve supply of Iliopsoas

A

Femoral Nerve

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39
Q

Nerve supply of sartorius

A

Femoral Nerve

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40
Q

Nerve supply of quadratus femoris

A

Femoral Nerve

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41
Q

Supply of the psoas component of the iliopsoas muscle

A

L1-L3

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42
Q

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris

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43
Q

Muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis 
Obturator externus
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44
Q

Adductors of the thigh

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
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45
Q

Split of adductor magnus

A

Adductor minimus

Hamstring portion

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46
Q

Nerve supply of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh (except hamstring portion of adductor magnus)

A

Obturator nerve (L2-4)

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47
Q

Nerve supply of the hamstring portion of adductor magnus

A

Tibial Nerve

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48
Q

Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh

A

Semitendinous
Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris

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49
Q

Split of biceps femoris

A

Has a long and short head

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50
Q

Extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg

A

Semitendinous
Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris

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51
Q

Nerve supply of muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh (except short head of biceps femoris)

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (roots L5-S2)

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52
Q

Nerve supply of short head of biceps femoris

A

Common fibular division of sciatic nerve

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53
Q

Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg

A

Tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

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54
Q

Nerve supple of muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-5)

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55
Q

Location of the common fibular nerve relative to the knee

A

Lateral to the knee
Highly superficial
Splits into the deep and superficial branches

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56
Q

Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

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57
Q

Dorsiflexors of the ankle and extensors of toes

A

Tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

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58
Q

Evert foot and weaklr plantarflex ankle muscles

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

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59
Q

Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg

A 
Gastrocnemius
Soleus 
Plantaris
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
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60
Q

Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

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61
Q

Nerve supply of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibial Nerve

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62
Q

Deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

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63
Q

Nerve supply of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibial Nerve

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64
Q

Plantarflexors of the ankle

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

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65
Q

Flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

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66
Q

Hip Joint (type)

A

Ball and socket joint
Multiaxial
Synovial Joint

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67
Q

Actions of the hip joint

A

Flexion-extension
Abduction-adduction
Medial-lateral rotation
Circumduction

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68
Q

Ligaments of the hip joint

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

69
Q

Ligementum teres

A

Doesn’t stabilise the neck of femur

Carries the artery to the head of femur

70
Q

Blood Supply of Hip Joint

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

These anastomose together

71
Q

Artery to the head of femur

A

Usually branch of obturator artery

72
Q

Knee Joint Type

A

Hinge joint

73
Q

Articulations of the knee joint

A

3
2 are femerotibial and 1 is femeropatellar
- Between the tibial condyles and femur and patella and femur

74
Q

Actions of the Knee Joint

A

Flexion-extension

Some medial-lateral rotation can occur if the knee is flexed

75
Q

Stabiliser of the knee joint

A

Quadriceps femoris group

76
Q

Extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

Patellar ligament
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

77
Q

Intraarticular ligaments of the knee

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

- Often damaged, cross over each other

78
Q

Menisci ligaments of the knee

A

Crescent shaped and made of fibrocartilage

- Usually medial and lateral

79
Q

Superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa

A

Biceps femoris

80
Q

Inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa

A

Gastrocnemius

81
Q

Superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa

A

Semimembranosus

82
Q

Roof of the popliteal fossa

A

Popliteal fascia

83
Q

Contents of the popliteal fossa

A

Occurs posterior to the knee

- Contains lots of fat, terminal small saphenous vein popliteal vessels and tibial and common fibular nerves

84
Q

Calcaneal Tendon

A

= achilles tendon

- It is the thickest and strongest tendon of the body

85
Q

Contents of calcaneal tendon

A

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

86
Q

Attachment of the calcaneal tendon

A

Calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

87
Q

Superficial lymphatics

A

Follow to the saphenous vein

Drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes –> external iliac nodes

88
Q

Deep lymphatics

A

Follow the deep veins

Popliteal lymph nodes –> deep inguinal nodes –> external iliac nodes

89
Q

Plane movement

A

One plane of motion

90
Q

Ellipsoid movement

A

Two planes of motion

91
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

A 
Sternoclavicular 
Acromioclavicular
Glenohumeral 
Humeroulnar
Radiohumeral
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint
Radiocarpal
92
Q

Sternoclavicular joint type

A

Saddle type

93
Q

Acromioclavicular joint type

A

Plane type joint

94
Q

Glenohumeral joint type

A

Ball and socket - similar to the hip

95
Q

Elbow joint components and type

A

Radiohumeral
Humeroulnar
Hinge type joint

96
Q

Radiohumeral joint type

A

Limited ball and socket joint

- limitation = annular ligament

97
Q

Proximal radioulnar joint type

A

Pivot type

98
Q

Distal radioulnar joint type

A

Pivot type

99
Q

Radiocarpal joint type and contact points

A

Ellipsoid

Contact between the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones

100
Q

Supination and the radius/ulna

A

The radius moves over the ulna

Muscle involved is the supinator

101
Q

Adduction

A

Bring something toward the body midline

102
Q

Abduction

A

Taking something away from the body midline

103
Q

Joints of the Hand

A

PIP
DIP
CMC joints

104
Q

1st CMC type and action

A

Saddle type

Allows for the thumb to have 90o rotation

105
Q

5th MCP type

A

Condyloid

106
Q

Function of the axioappendicular muscles

A

Join the upper limb to the skeleton

107
Q

Only point of contact between the upper limb and the skeleton

A

Sternoclavicular joint

108
Q

Axio-appendicular muscles

A 
Trapezius 
Serratus Anterior 
Rhomboid major and minor
Latissimus dorsi
Subclavius
Levator scapulae
109
Q

Trapezius attachment and innervation

A 
CN XI (accessory nerve) 
Attaches to thoracic and cervical vertebra, stretches across to the scapula
110
Q

Serratus anterior innervation

A

Long thoracic nerve

111
Q

Rhomboid minor and major innervation

A

Long thoracic nerve

112
Q

Components of trapezius

A

Ascending, descending and transverse components

113
Q

Latissimus dorsi function and innervation

A

Elevates the scapula

Dorsal scapular nerve

114
Q

Innervation of the subclavius and levator scapulae

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

115
Q

Function of rotator cuff muscles

A

Hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa with 1/3rd of the humeral head in contact with the glenoid fossa at any one time

116
Q

Attachment of the rotator cuff muscles

A

Greater or lesser tuberosity

117
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

118
Q

Rotator cuff muscles that attach to the greater tuberosity

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor

119
Q

Rotator cuff muscles that attach to the lesser tuberosity

A

Subscapularis

120
Q

Compartments of the arm and forearm

A

Anterior and posterior

121
Q

Clinical compartment of the arm

A

Lateral

122
Q

Anterior compartment of the arm - muscles

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

123
Q

Anterior compartment of the arm - action

A

Flexion and extension of the arm and forearm

124
Q

Anterior compartment of the arm - innervation

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

125
Q

Posterior compartment of the arm - muscles

A

Triceps brachii - three heads

126
Q

Heads of triceps brachii

A

Medial, lateral and long

127
Q

Posterior compartment of the arm - action

A

Extend the arm and forearm

128
Q

Posterior compartment of the arm - innervation

A

Radial nerve

129
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm - superficial layer

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus

130
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm - intermediate layer

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

–> attaches to the intermediate phalanx

131
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm - deep layer

A

Pronator quadratus
Flexor pollicis longus

Flexor digitorum profundus
–> attaches to the distal phalanx

132
Q

Origin of the anterior compartment muscles of the forearm

A

Medial epicondyle

133
Q

Innervation of all except:
Flexor carpi ulnaris (superficial)
Medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Median nerve

134
Q

Innervation of
Flexor carpi ulnaris (superficial)
Medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Ulnar nerve

135
Q

Actions of the anterior compartment muscles

A

Flexion of the wrist and digits

Pronation, abduction and adduction of the wrist

136
Q

Posterior compartment of the forearm - innervation

A

Radial nerve

137
Q

Actions of the posterior compartment of the forearm muscles

A

Extension of the wrist and digits

Supination, adduction and abduction of the wrist

138
Q

Posterior compartment of the forearm - superficial layer

A 
Brachioradialis 
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Aconeus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carp ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
139
Q

Posterior compartment of the forearm - deep layer

A 
Supinator
Extensor indicis 
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis 
Extensor pollicis longus
140
Q

Eminences in the leg

A

Thenar eminence

Hypothenar eminence

141
Q

Location of the thenar eminence

A

Below the thumb

142
Q

Innervation of the muscles in the thenar eminence

A

Recurrent branch of the median nerve

143
Q

Muscles of the thenar eminence

A

Adductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

144
Q

Innervation of the muscles in the hypothenar eminence

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

145
Q

Muscles of the hypothenar eminence

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

146
Q

Two groups of intrinsic muscles

A

Lumbricals

Interossi

147
Q

Function of the lumbricals

A

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

Flex the MCP joints and extend the IP joints

148
Q

Attachment of the lubricals

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

149
Q

Number of lumbricals

A

4

150
Q

Innervation of 1st and 2nd (lateral) lumbricals

A

Median nerve

151
Q

Innervation of 3rd and 4th (medial) lumbricals

A

Ulnar nerve

152
Q

Number of interossei

A

7

153
Q

Divide of interossei

A

4 Dorsal interossei - abduction of the digits

3 Palmar interossei - adduction of the digits

154
Q

Function of the interossei

A

Abduction and adduction of the digits

155
Q

Innervation of the interossei

A

Ulnar nerve

156
Q

Carpal Tunnel Boundaries

A

Flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones

157
Q

Contents of the Carpal Tunnel

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Median nerve

158
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Compression of the median nerve
= weakness of the thenar muscles
–> numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral half of 4

159
Q

Origin of plexuses

A

Anterior rami

160
Q

Origin of brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

Passes through the axilla into the median arm

161
Q

Association of the nerve cords of the brachial plexus

A

Brachial artery

162
Q

Order of brachial plexus

A

Roots > Trunks > Divisions > Cords > Nerves

163
Q

Trunks of the brachial plexus

A

C5-6 –> Superior
C7 –> Middle
C8-T1 –> Inferior

164
Q

Cords

A

Medial
Lateral
Posterior

165
Q

Nerves which come from the brachial plexus

A 
Musculocutaneous 
Axiallary 
Radial
Median 
Ulnar
166
Q

Dermatomes which supply the upper limb

A

C5-8 and T1

167
Q

Anastamoses of the arteries of the upper limb

A

Elbow - flexion pinches the vessels

Scapular

168
Q

Vena comitantes

A

Paired nerves that use arterial pulsations to maintain venous return

Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

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