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Immunology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Carries O2 to tissues and CO2 to luungs

No nucleus or organelles, biconcave shave

Large SA/V ratio for rapid gas exchange

120 days life span

Energy source: glucose

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2
Q

Erythrocyte- transporters

A

Membrane contains Cl-/HCO3- antiporter

This allows RBCs to export HCO3- and transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs

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3
Q

Anisocytosis (ANYsoSIZEtosis)

A

Varying sizes of RBCs

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4
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Varying shapes

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5
Q

Wright-Giemsa stain

A

Stains reticulocytes (immature RBCs) a bluish color- represents residual RNA

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6
Q

Thrombocyte (platelet)

A

Involved in primary hemostasis

Derived from megakaryocytes

Life span 8-10 days

Interacts with fibrinogen to form platelet plug

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7
Q

Platelet- composition

A

contains dense granules (ADP and Ca2+) and alpha granules (vWF, fibrinogen, and fibronectin)

1/3 of platelet pool is stored in the spleen

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8
Q

Petechiae

A

Result of thrombocytopenia or decreased platelet count

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9
Q

vWF (in alpha granules) receptor

A

GpIb

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10
Q

Fibrinogen (in alpha granules) receptor

A

GpIIb/IIIa

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11
Q

Leukocyte

A

Granulocytes (phils): neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

Mononuclear cells (cytes): monocyte, lymphocyte

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12
Q

WBC differential (normal) from highest to lowest

A

“Neutrophils Like Making Everything Better”

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

No bands (immature neutrophils)

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13
Q

Neutrophil

A

Acute inflammatory response cell (increased in bacterial infections)

Phagocytic; multilobed nucleus

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14
Q

Neutrophil- granule composition

A

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
Collagenase
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin

Azurophilic granules (lysosomes) contain:
Proteinases
Acid phosphatase
Myeloperozidase
Beta-glucouronidase
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15
Q

Neutrophil hypersegmentation

A

6+ lobes- seen in vitamin B12/ folate deficiency

Increased band cells (immature neutrophils) reflect states of increased myeloid proliferation (bacterial infections, CML)

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16
Q

Neutrophil chemotactic agents

A

C5a, IL-8, LTB4, kallikrein, platelet-activating factor

17
Q

Monocyte

A

Differentiates in to macrophages in tissues

Large, kidney-shaped nucleus

“Frosted-glass” cytoplasm

18
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytoses bacteria, cellular debris, and senescent RNCs

Long life in tissues; differentiate from circulating blood monocytes

Activated by IFN-gamma

Can function as APC via MHC class II

19
Q

Granulomas

A

Macrophages play a role in the formation of granulomas in TB and sarcoidosis

20
Q

Septic shock

A

Lipid A from bacterial LPS finds CD14 on Mphages to initiate septic shock

21
Q

Eosinophil

A

Stains red (aciophile) because it contains basic proteins

Defends agains helminthic infections (via release of major basic proteins)

Biolobate nucleus

Packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size

Highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody complexes

22
Q

Eosinophils- contents

A

produces histamines (inactivates histamine) and major basic protein (helminthotoxin)

23
Q

Causes of eosinophilia (NAACP)

A 
Neoplasia
Allergy/ anaphylaxis
Asthma
Chronic adrenal insufficiency (why???)
Parasites
24
Q

Basophil

A

mediates allergic reaction

densely basophilic granules

25
Q

Basophilic granule compositions

A

Heparin (anticoagulant)

Histamine (vasodilator)

Leukotrienes- synthesized a released on demand

26
Q

Basophilia

A

Uncommon, but can be a sigh of myeloproliferative disease (e.g. CML)

27
Q

Mast cell

A

Mediates allergic reaction in local tissues

Contains basophilic granules (originates from myeloid precursors (like basophils) but not the same cell type)

28
Q

Mast cell- role

A

Binds to Fc portion of IgE

Ige cross links (upon antigen binding) –> causes degranulation –> release of histamine, heparin, treats and eosinophil chemotactic response –> eosinophils then come to MAINTAIN an inflammatory response

NOTE that IgEs bind to MAST CELLS not Eosinophils

29
Q

Mast cells- inhibition

A

Involved in Type I HS reactions

Cromolyn sodium prevents mast cell degranulation (used for asthma prophylaxis)

30
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Highly phagocytic APC

Link between innate and adaptive immune system

Expresses MHC class II and Fc receptors on surface

Called Langerhans cells in the skin

31
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Refers to B cell, T cell, and NK cells

B cell and T cells mediate adaptive immunity

NK cell are part of the INNATE immune response

Round and densely staining nucleus with small amount of pale cytoplasm

32
Q

B cell

A

Part of humoral immune response

Originates from stem cells in bone marrow and matures in bone marrow

Migrates to lymph tissue: lymph node (follicules- cortex) and white pulp of spleen

33
Q

B cell role

A

When antigen is encountered, B cells differentiate into plasma cells (produce antibodies) and memory cells

Can function as APC via MHC II

B = Bone Marrow

34
Q

T cell

A

Mediates cellular immune response

Originates from stem cells in the bone marrow, but matures in the thymus

35
Q

T cell roles

A

T- cells can differentiate into:

Cytotoxic T cells (express CD8, recognize MHC Class I)
Helper T cells (express CD4, recognize MHC Class II)
Regulatory T cells

(MHC * CD) = 8

CD4+ helper T cells are the primary target of HIV

36
Q

T cell activation

A

Requires CD28 (costimulatory signal) for T-cell activation

37
Q

Plasma cell

A

Produces large amounts of antibody, specific to a particular antigen

“Clock face” chromatin distribution and eccentric nucleus

Abundant RER and well-developed Golgi apparatus

Found in bone marrow and do not normally circulate in peripheral blood

Multiple myeloma- plasma cell cancer

Immunology (7 decks)

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