Anatomy Flashcards by Study Prep

Erythrocyte

Carries O2 to tissues and CO2 to luungs

No nucleus or organelles, biconcave shave

Large SA/V ratio for rapid gas exchange

120 days life span

Energy source: glucose

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Erythrocyte- transporters

Membrane contains Cl-/HCO3- antiporter

This allows RBCs to export HCO3- and transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs

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Anisocytosis (ANYsoSIZEtosis)

Varying sizes of RBCs

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Poikilocytosis

Varying shapes

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Wright-Giemsa stain

Stains reticulocytes (immature RBCs) a bluish color- represents residual RNA

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Thrombocyte (platelet)

Involved in primary hemostasis

Derived from megakaryocytes

Life span 8-10 days

Interacts with fibrinogen to form platelet plug

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Platelet- composition

contains dense granules (ADP and Ca2+) and alpha granules (vWF, fibrinogen, and fibronectin)

1/3 of platelet pool is stored in the spleen

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Petechiae

Result of thrombocytopenia or decreased platelet count

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vWF (in alpha granules) receptor

GpIb

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Fibrinogen (in alpha granules) receptor

GpIIb/IIIa

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Leukocyte

Granulocytes (phils): neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

Mononuclear cells (cytes): monocyte, lymphocyte

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WBC differential (normal) from highest to lowest

“Neutrophils Like Making Everything Better”

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

No bands (immature neutrophils)

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Neutrophil

Acute inflammatory response cell (increased in bacterial infections)

Phagocytic; multilobed nucleus

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Neutrophil- granule composition

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
Collagenase
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin

Azurophilic granules (lysosomes) contain:
Proteinases
Acid phosphatase
Myeloperozidase
Beta-glucouronidase

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Neutrophil hypersegmentation

6+ lobes- seen in vitamin B12/ folate deficiency

Increased band cells (immature neutrophils) reflect states of increased myeloid proliferation (bacterial infections, CML)

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Neutrophil chemotactic agents

C5a, IL-8, LTB4, kallikrein, platelet-activating factor

Monocyte

Differentiates in to macrophages in tissues

Large, kidney-shaped nucleus

“Frosted-glass” cytoplasm

Macrophage

Phagocytoses bacteria, cellular debris, and senescent RNCs

Long life in tissues; differentiate from circulating blood monocytes

Activated by IFN-gamma

Can function as APC via MHC class II

Granulomas

Macrophages play a role in the formation of granulomas in TB and sarcoidosis

Septic shock

Lipid A from bacterial LPS finds CD14 on Mphages to initiate septic shock

Eosinophil

Stains red (aciophile) because it contains basic proteins

Defends agains helminthic infections (via release of major basic proteins)

Biolobate nucleus

Packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size

Highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody complexes

Eosinophils- contents

produces histamines (inactivates histamine) and major basic protein (helminthotoxin)

Causes of eosinophilia (NAACP)

Neoplasia
Allergy/ anaphylaxis
Asthma
Chronic adrenal insufficiency (why???)
Parasites

Basophil

mediates allergic reaction

densely basophilic granules

Basophilic granule compositions

Heparin (anticoagulant) Histamine (vasodilator) Leukotrienes- synthesized a released on demand

Basophilia

Uncommon, but can be a sigh of myeloproliferative disease (e.g. CML)

Mast cell

Mediates allergic reaction in local tissues Contains basophilic granules (originates from myeloid precursors (like basophils) but not the same cell type)

Mast cell- role

Binds to Fc portion of IgE Ige cross links (upon antigen binding) --> causes degranulation --> release of histamine, heparin, treats and eosinophil chemotactic response --> eosinophils then come to MAINTAIN an inflammatory response NOTE that IgEs bind to MAST CELLS not Eosinophils

Mast cells- inhibition

Involved in Type I HS reactions Cromolyn sodium prevents mast cell degranulation (used for asthma prophylaxis)

Dendritic cell

Highly phagocytic APC Link between innate and adaptive immune system Expresses MHC class II and Fc receptors on surface Called Langerhans cells in the skin

Lymphocyte

Refers to B cell, T cell, and NK cells B cell and T cells mediate adaptive immunity NK cell are part of the INNATE immune response Round and densely staining nucleus with small amount of pale cytoplasm

B cell

Part of humoral immune response Originates from stem cells in bone marrow and matures in bone marrow Migrates to lymph tissue: lymph node (follicules- cortex) and white pulp of spleen

B cell role

When antigen is encountered, B cells differentiate into plasma cells (produce antibodies) and memory cells Can function as APC via MHC II B = Bone Marrow

T cell

Mediates cellular immune response Originates from stem cells in the bone marrow, but matures in the thymus

T cell roles

T- cells can differentiate into: Cytotoxic T cells (express CD8, recognize MHC Class I) Helper T cells (express CD4, recognize MHC Class II) Regulatory T cells (MHC * CD) = 8 CD4+ helper T cells are the primary target of HIV

T cell activation

Requires CD28 (costimulatory signal) for T-cell activation

Plasma cell

Produces large amounts of antibody, specific to a particular antigen "Clock face" chromatin distribution and eccentric nucleus Abundant RER and well-developed Golgi apparatus Found in bone marrow and do not normally circulate in peripheral blood Multiple myeloma- plasma cell cancer