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STUDY FOR BARRIERS > Anatomy ☹️ > Flashcards

Anatomy ☹️ Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen (pelvis)

A

Sacrospinous ligament

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2
Q

What connects the bladder to the pubic symphysis

A

Umbilical ligament

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3
Q

Histology of epididymis

A

Stereocilia for pushing the sperm

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4
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain

A

Cremaster muscle (between external and internal spermatic fascia)
Ans fibers
Pampiniform plexus
Tesiticular artery
Differential artery for nutrients to vas deferens
Genitofemoral nerve
Lymphatics

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5
Q

Muscles involved in flexion at the shoulder joint

A

Pec major upper part
Deltoid anterior fibres

Accessory: biceps short head? Ser ant?
Coracobrachialis

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6
Q

Muscles involved in extension of shoulder joint

A

Deltoid posterior fibres
Lat Dorsi

Accessory:
Teres major
Triceps long head?
Pec major (sternocostal head)?

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7
Q

Adduction at shoulder joint

A

Pec major lower part
Lat dorsi

Accessory: 
Biceps long head?
Triceps short head?
Teres major 
Teres minor
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8
Q

Abduction at shoulder joint

A

Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Serratus anterior?

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9
Q

Horizontal flexion at shoulder joint

A

Pec major

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10
Q

Horizontal extension at shoulder joint

A

Trapezius

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11
Q

Medial rotation at shoulder joint

A 
Pec major 
Subscapularis 
Lat dorsi 
Teres major 
Ant deltoid
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12
Q

Lateral rotation at shoulder joint muscles

A

Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Posterior deltoid
Lower trapezius

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13
Q

Flexion at elbOw joint involves

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

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14
Q

Extension at elbOw joint involves

A

Triceps brachii

Aconeus

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15
Q

Pronation at elbOw joint

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Flexor carpi radialis
Brachioradialis

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16
Q

Supination at elbOw joint involves

A 
Supinator 
Biceps brachii 
Abductor policis longus 
Extensor policis longus 
Brachioradialis
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17
Q

Palmar flexion

A 
Digitorum superficialis 
Digitorum profundus 
Palmaris longus 
Carpi radialis 
Abductor pollicis longus
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18
Q

Dorsi flexion of wrist muscles involved

A

Digitorum
Carpi radialis longus/brevis
Palmaris longus
Digiti minimi

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19
Q

Radial abduction muscles involved

A 
Extensor carpi radialis longus 
Abductor pollicis longus 
Extensor pollicis longus 
Flexor carpi radialis 
Flexor pollicis longus
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20
Q

Ulnar abduction

A

Extensor/flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi

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21
Q

Spine flexion done by

A

Rectus abdominis
External Oblique
Internal oblique

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22
Q

Spine extension done by

A

Erector spinae
Semispinalis
Quadratus lumborum

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23
Q

Lateral flexion of spine done by

A

Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis
Erector spinae
Quadratus lumborum

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24
Q

Hip flexion done by

A

Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris

Accessory:
Sartorius
Tensor fascia latae
Pectineus

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25
Q

Hip extension done by

A

Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

Accessory: 
Glut medius (posterior)
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26
Q

Hip abduction done by

A

Glut medius
Glut minimus

Accessory: 
Glut max 
Tensor fascia latae 
Prirformis
Obturator internus
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27
Q

Hip adductiion done by:

A

Adductor Magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor Brevis

Accessory:
Pectineus
Gracilis

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28
Q

Hip medial rotation done by

A

Glut medius
Glut minimus

Accessory:
Tensor fascia
Pectineus

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29
Q

Hip lateral rotation done by

A 
Pectineus 
Piriformis 
Obturator internus and externus 
Gemelius 
Quadratus femoris 
Accessory: 
Glut max 
Glut med 
Glut min
Sartorius
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30
Q

Knee extension done by

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis intermedius and medialis

Accessory:
Tensor fascia latae

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31
Q

Knee flexion done by

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

Accessory: 
Gastroc
Plantaris 
Popliteus 
Sartorius
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32
Q

Knee medial rotation done by

A

Popliteus
Sartorius

Accessory:
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus
Gracilis

33
Q

Knee lateral rotation done by

A

Biceps femoris

34
Q

Ankle dorsiflexion done by

A

Tibialis anterior

Accessory
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
Extensor hallucis longus

35
Q

Ankle plantarflexion done by

A

Soleus
Gastroc

Accessory: 
Tibialis posterior 
Peroneus longus and brevis 
Flexor digitorum longus 
Flexor hallucis longus
36
Q

Ankle inversion done by

A

Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior

Accessory:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

37
Q

Eversion of ankle done by:

A

Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertius

38
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Abducens (VI) 
Trochlear (IV) 
Occulomotor (II) 
Trigeminal (V) 
Opthalmic
39
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through foramen rotundum?

A

Trigeminal (V) maxillary

40
Q

Which CNs pass through foramen ovale

A

Trigeminal (V) mandibular

41
Q

Which CNs pass through internal acoustic meatus?

A

Vestibulocochlear

Facial

42
Q

Cranial nerves passing through jugular foramen?

A

Accessory (XI)
Vagus
Glossopharyngeal (IX)

43
Q

Cranial nerves passing through hypoglossal foramen?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

44
Q

The femoral artery goes through the…

A

adductor hiatus

45
Q

Which nerve and spinal cord segments are tested with the patellar tendon reflex?

A

Femoral nerve

L2 -L4

46
Q

the scaitic nerve passes

A

underneath the piriformis

47
Q

the biceps femoris long and short heads attach to

A

head of fibula

48
Q

the short head of biceps femoris arise from

A

lateral lip of linea aspera

49
Q

what does the iliohypogastric nerve supply?

A

motor - internal oblique and transversus abdominis

sensory - posterolateral gluteal skin in the pubic region

50
Q

what does the ilioinguinal nerve supply?

A

motor - internal oblique and transversus abdominis
sensory - skin on the upper middle thigh. In males, it also supplies the skin over the root of the penis and anterior scrotum. In females, it supplies the skin over mons pubis and labia majora.

51
Q

genitofemoral nerve supplies:

A

motor - genital branch –> cremasteric muscle
sensory - genital branch innervates skin of the anterior scrotum (in males) or the skin over mons pubis and labia majora (in females). The femoral branch innervates the skin on the upper anterior thigh.

52
Q

lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervates

A

no motor function

sensory - anterior and lateral thigh down to knee

53
Q

which nerve roots form the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

MAINLY S1-S4

54
Q

Gonadal vein drains into

A

Left renal vein –> IVC

55
Q

Blood supply to kidneys and adrenals

A

Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries
Superior off inferior phrenic
Middle of aorta
Inferior and kidney branches off renal a

3 branches to Kidney

56
Q

Male urethra is divided into 4 parts which are:

A

Pre-prostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy (penile)

57
Q

What arteries come off the aorta at L1 ?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

Transpyloric plane

58
Q

At which level is the fundus of the gallbladder

A

Transpyloric plane L1

59
Q

What is at the transpyloric plane?

A 
Neck of pancreas
Hilum of left kidney 
Pylorus of stomach 
Mesocolon of transverse colon 
Route of superior mesenteric artery
60
Q

What makes up the wall of the oesophagus

A 
Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium 
Mucosa
Muscularis mucosa
Sub mucosa 
Muscularis externa
Adventitia for anchoring

Glands present for lubrication
Upper 1/3 is striated muscle, mix in middle, lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

Retroperitoneal organ

61
Q

Esophago-gastric junction consists of:

A

The transition from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium

Metaplastic change can occur with frequent reflux eg Barrett’s oesophagus

62
Q

The wall of the small intestine is made up of:

A

Plica circularis
Villi - simple columnar
Microvilli - brush border

63
Q

The lacteals deposit lymph into

A

Thoracic Duct –> left subclavian

64
Q

The presence of which glands can identify the duodenum ?

A

Brunner’s glands

Mucus rich alkaline solution for protection and neutralisation

65
Q

Intestinal glands contain what kind of cell that produce what main hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells

Gastrin
Cholecystokinin
Secretin

66
Q

In the jejunum the lacteals are

A

More dilated

67
Q

What is present in the ileum

A

Peyers patches
Lymph nodes
Clear out bacteria

68
Q

The wall of rectum contains

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Muscularis mucosa replaced by internal anal sphincter (striated muscle)

69
Q

What dos the wall of the gall bladder consist of?

A 
Simple columnar 
Mucosa 
No submucosa 
Randomly oriented muscularis externa
No serosa or adventitia
70
Q

Concentric muscle activation

A

Shortening of muscle fibers
Accelerating
Movement of load

71
Q

Eccentric muscle activation

A

Lengthening of muscle fibers
Decelerating
Storage of energy

72
Q

3 types of bone cells

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes (signal bone surface to control remodelling and maintain ca homeostasis)

73
Q

Bone remodelling is regulated by

A 
Cytokines: 
Prostaglandins 
Interleukin 1 and 6 
Tumor necrosis factor ligands (TNF proteins) 
- RANK L 
- OPG (osteoprotegerin)
74
Q

RANK L

A

Secreted by osteoblasts
Key factor for clast differentiation and activation
Communication between blasts and clasts
Final common path is activation of RANK in clast development and activation

75
Q

OPG

A

Secreted by blasts and dendritic cells
Decoy receptor for RANKL
Inhibits differentiation of clasts and precursors into mature clasts

76
Q

What stimulates osteoblasts to express RANKL

A

Calcitriol
PTH
Cytokines

77
Q

Drugs used in Px/Tx of osteoporosis

A

Vitamin d +/- calcium
Anti-resorptive agents (HRT, oestrogen +/- progestogen , SERMS (raloxifene), bisphosphonates (alendronate), strontium)
PTH (teraparatide)
Anti RANKL MAB - denosumab

78
Q

Vitamin d

A

Diffuses across ileum brush border

Hydroxylated go calcifediol in liver

Then to calcitriol in kidney

Starts as cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol

79
Q

Indicators of vitamin d deficiency

A 
Myalgia 
Proximal muscle weakness 
Chronic lower back pain 
Hypertension and heart failure 
Osteopenia osteoporosis or osteomalacia

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