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STUDY FOR BARRIERS > Anatomy ☹️ > Flashcards

Anatomy ☹️ Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen (pelvis)

A

Sacrospinous ligament

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2
Q

What connects the bladder to the pubic symphysis

A

Umbilical ligament

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3
Q

Histology of epididymis

A

Stereocilia for pushing the sperm

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4
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain

A

Cremaster muscle (between external and internal spermatic fascia)
Ans fibers
Pampiniform plexus
Tesiticular artery
Differential artery for nutrients to vas deferens
Genitofemoral nerve
Lymphatics

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5
Q

Muscles involved in flexion at the shoulder joint

A

Pec major upper part
Deltoid anterior fibres

Accessory: biceps short head? Ser ant?
Coracobrachialis

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6
Q

Muscles involved in extension of shoulder joint

A

Deltoid posterior fibres
Lat Dorsi

Accessory:
Teres major
Triceps long head?
Pec major (sternocostal head)?

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7
Q

Adduction at shoulder joint

A

Pec major lower part
Lat dorsi

Accessory: 
Biceps long head?
Triceps short head?
Teres major 
Teres minor
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8
Q

Abduction at shoulder joint

A

Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Serratus anterior?

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9
Q

Horizontal flexion at shoulder joint

A

Pec major

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10
Q

Horizontal extension at shoulder joint

A

Trapezius

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11
Q

Medial rotation at shoulder joint

A 
Pec major 
Subscapularis 
Lat dorsi 
Teres major 
Ant deltoid
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12
Q

Lateral rotation at shoulder joint muscles

A

Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Posterior deltoid
Lower trapezius

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13
Q

Flexion at elbOw joint involves

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

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14
Q

Extension at elbOw joint involves

A

Triceps brachii

Aconeus

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15
Q

Pronation at elbOw joint

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Flexor carpi radialis
Brachioradialis

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16
Q

Supination at elbOw joint involves

A 
Supinator 
Biceps brachii 
Abductor policis longus 
Extensor policis longus 
Brachioradialis
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17
Q

Palmar flexion

A 
Digitorum superficialis 
Digitorum profundus 
Palmaris longus 
Carpi radialis 
Abductor pollicis longus
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18
Q

Dorsi flexion of wrist muscles involved

A

Digitorum
Carpi radialis longus/brevis
Palmaris longus
Digiti minimi

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19
Q

Radial abduction muscles involved

A 
Extensor carpi radialis longus 
Abductor pollicis longus 
Extensor pollicis longus 
Flexor carpi radialis 
Flexor pollicis longus
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20
Q

Ulnar abduction

A

Extensor/flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi

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21
Q

Spine flexion done by

A

Rectus abdominis
External Oblique
Internal oblique

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22
Q

Spine extension done by

A

Erector spinae
Semispinalis
Quadratus lumborum

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23
Q

Lateral flexion of spine done by

A

Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis
Erector spinae
Quadratus lumborum

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24
Q

Hip flexion done by

A

Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris

Accessory:
Sartorius
Tensor fascia latae
Pectineus

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25
Hip extension done by
Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus ``` Accessory: Glut medius (posterior) ```
26
Hip abduction done by
Glut medius Glut minimus ``` Accessory: Glut max Tensor fascia latae Prirformis Obturator internus ```
27
Hip adductiion done by:
Adductor Magnus Adductor longus Adductor Brevis Accessory: Pectineus Gracilis
28
Hip medial rotation done by
Glut medius Glut minimus Accessory: Tensor fascia Pectineus
29
Hip lateral rotation done by
``` Pectineus Piriformis Obturator internus and externus Gemelius Quadratus femoris ``` ``` Accessory: Glut max Glut med Glut min Sartorius ```
30
Knee extension done by
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis intermedius and medialis Accessory: Tensor fascia latae
31
Knee flexion done by
Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus ``` Accessory: Gastroc Plantaris Popliteus Sartorius ```
32
Knee medial rotation done by
Popliteus Sartorius Accessory: Semimembranosus and semitendinosus Gracilis
33
Knee lateral rotation done by
Biceps femoris
34
Ankle dorsiflexion done by
Tibialis anterior Accessory Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus tertius Extensor hallucis longus
35
Ankle plantarflexion done by
Soleus Gastroc ``` Accessory: Tibialis posterior Peroneus longus and brevis Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus ```
36
Ankle inversion done by
Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Accessory: Gastrocnemius Soleus
37
Eversion of ankle done by:
Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus tertius
38
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
``` Abducens (VI) Trochlear (IV) Occulomotor (II) Trigeminal (V) Opthalmic ```
39
Which cranial nerves pass through foramen rotundum?
Trigeminal (V) maxillary
40
Which CNs pass through foramen ovale
Trigeminal (V) mandibular
41
Which CNs pass through internal acoustic meatus?
Vestibulocochlear | Facial
42
Cranial nerves passing through jugular foramen?
Accessory (XI) Vagus Glossopharyngeal (IX)
43
Cranial nerves passing through hypoglossal foramen?
Hypoglossal (XII)
44
The femoral artery goes through the...
adductor hiatus
45
Which nerve and spinal cord segments are tested with the patellar tendon reflex?
Femoral nerve | L2 -L4
46
the scaitic nerve passes
underneath the piriformis
47
the biceps femoris long and short heads attach to
head of fibula
48
the short head of biceps femoris arise from
lateral lip of linea aspera
49
what does the iliohypogastric nerve supply?
motor - internal oblique and transversus abdominis | sensory - posterolateral gluteal skin in the pubic region
50
what does the ilioinguinal nerve supply?
motor - internal oblique and transversus abdominis sensory - skin on the upper middle thigh. In males, it also supplies the skin over the root of the penis and anterior scrotum. In females, it supplies the skin over mons pubis and labia majora.
51
genitofemoral nerve supplies:
motor - genital branch --> cremasteric muscle sensory - genital branch innervates skin of the anterior scrotum (in males) or the skin over mons pubis and labia majora (in females). The femoral branch innervates the skin on the upper anterior thigh.
52
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervates
no motor function | sensory - anterior and lateral thigh down to knee
53
which nerve roots form the sacral plexus?
L4-S4 | MAINLY S1-S4
54
Gonadal vein drains into
Left renal vein --> IVC
55
Blood supply to kidneys and adrenals
Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries Superior off inferior phrenic Middle of aorta Inferior and kidney branches off renal a 3 branches to Kidney
56
Male urethra is divided into 4 parts which are:
Pre-prostatic Prostatic Membranous Spongy (penile)
57
What arteries come off the aorta at L1 ?
Superior mesenteric artery Transpyloric plane
58
At which level is the fundus of the gallbladder
Transpyloric plane L1
59
What is at the transpyloric plane?
``` Neck of pancreas Hilum of left kidney Pylorus of stomach Mesocolon of transverse colon Route of superior mesenteric artery ```
60
What makes up the wall of the oesophagus
``` Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Sub mucosa Muscularis externa Adventitia for anchoring ``` Glands present for lubrication Upper 1/3 is striated muscle, mix in middle, lower 1/3 is smooth muscle Retroperitoneal organ
61
Esophago-gastric junction consists of:
The transition from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium Metaplastic change can occur with frequent reflux eg Barrett's oesophagus
62
The wall of the small intestine is made up of:
Plica circularis Villi - simple columnar Microvilli - brush border
63
The lacteals deposit lymph into
Thoracic Duct --> left subclavian
64
The presence of which glands can identify the duodenum ?
Brunner's glands | Mucus rich alkaline solution for protection and neutralisation
65
Intestinal glands contain what kind of cell that produce what main hormones
Enteroendocrine cells Gastrin Cholecystokinin Secretin
66
In the jejunum the lacteals are
More dilated
67
What is present in the ileum
Peyers patches Lymph nodes Clear out bacteria
68
The wall of rectum contains
Stratified squamous epithelium Muscularis mucosa replaced by internal anal sphincter (striated muscle)
69
What dos the wall of the gall bladder consist of?
``` Simple columnar Mucosa No submucosa Randomly oriented muscularis externa No serosa or adventitia ```
70
Concentric muscle activation
Shortening of muscle fibers Accelerating Movement of load
71
Eccentric muscle activation
Lengthening of muscle fibers Decelerating Storage of energy
72
3 types of bone cells
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes (signal bone surface to control remodelling and maintain ca homeostasis)
73
Bone remodelling is regulated by
``` Cytokines: Prostaglandins Interleukin 1 and 6 Tumor necrosis factor ligands (TNF proteins) - RANK L - OPG (osteoprotegerin) ```
74
RANK L
Secreted by osteoblasts Key factor for clast differentiation and activation Communication between blasts and clasts Final common path is activation of RANK in clast development and activation
75
OPG
Secreted by blasts and dendritic cells Decoy receptor for RANKL Inhibits differentiation of clasts and precursors into mature clasts
76
What stimulates osteoblasts to express RANKL
Calcitriol PTH Cytokines
77
Drugs used in Px/Tx of osteoporosis
Vitamin d +/- calcium Anti-resorptive agents (HRT, oestrogen +/- progestogen , SERMS (raloxifene), bisphosphonates (alendronate), strontium) PTH (teraparatide) Anti RANKL MAB - denosumab
78
Vitamin d
Diffuses across ileum brush border Hydroxylated go calcifediol in liver Then to calcitriol in kidney Starts as cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol
79
Indicators of vitamin d deficiency
``` Myalgia Proximal muscle weakness Chronic lower back pain Hypertension and heart failure Osteopenia osteoporosis or osteomalacia ```

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