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Neurology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

12 pairs cranial nerves

31 pairs spinal nerves + branches

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3
Q

which cranial nerve is thought to be almost part of the CNS?

A

optic nerve CN II

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4
Q

in the early stages of brain development, what are the 3 visible swellings in the neural tube?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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5
Q

will the prosencephalon become forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?

A

forebrain

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6
Q

will the mesencephalon become forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?

A

midbrain

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7
Q

will the rhombencephalon become forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?

A

hindbrain

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8
Q

what major embryonic divisions does the prosencephalon divide into?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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9
Q

what major embryonic divisions does the rhombencephalon divide into?

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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10
Q

what does the telencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

what does the diencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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12
Q

what does the mesencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?

A

midbrain

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13
Q

what does the metencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?

A

pons and cerebellum

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14
Q

what does the myelencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?

A

medulla oblongata

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15
Q

apart from the visible swellings, what does the remainder of the neural tube become?

A

spinal cord

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16
Q

what makes up the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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17
Q

what are the supporting cells in the CNS called?

A

glial cells

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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19
Q

what are the 3 main roles of an astrocyte in the CNS?

A
  1. physical support
  2. instigates tight capillaries for blood brain barrier
  3. environmental homeostasis
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20
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

A

produce myelin in the CNS

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21
Q

what cranial nerve is the odd one out because it is myelinated by oligodendrocytes instead of schwann cells?

A

CN II optic nerve

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22
Q

what is the function of microglia in the CNS?

A

immune monitoring and antigen presentation (phagocytes)

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23
Q

where are microglia produced?

A

bone marrow

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24
Q

what MHC class do microglia epress?

A

MHC II

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25
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS?

A

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the ventricles

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26
Q

what are deep sulci in the brain called?

A

fissures

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27
Q

in the cerebellum, what is the name for the bumps that are equivalent to gyri in the cerebrum?

A

fovia (singular = fovium)

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28
Q

what is the name of the deep sulcus at the anterior sagittal midline of the brain?

A

longitudinal fissure (or interhemispheric fissure)

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29
Q

is grey matter generally located peripherally or centrally in the brain?

A

generally peripherally

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30
Q

does grey matter contain cell bodies or axons?

A

cell bodies

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31
Q

does white matter contain cell bodies or axons?

A

axons

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32
Q

what is the function of sulci and gyri?

A

allow us to incorporate a lot of grey matter in a small space

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33
Q

is grey matter located peripherally or centrally in the spinal cord?

A

centrally

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34
Q

what is the name of the sulcus at the coronal midline of the brain?

A

central sulcus

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35
Q

anterior to the central sulcus, what is the gyrus called?

A

precentral gyrus

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36
Q

posterior to the central sulcus, what is the gyrus called?

A

postcentral gyrus

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37
Q

what is the name of the sulcus between the frontal or parietal lobe and temporal lobe?

A

lateral fissure

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38
Q

what is the name of the dura sheet which occupies the longitudinal fissure?

A

falx cerebri

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39
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

white matter that carries information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

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40
Q

what sulcus separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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41
Q

the primary visual cortex surrounds what sulcus?

A

calcarine sulcus

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42
Q

what connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial aspect?

A

interthalamic adhesion

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43
Q

what sulcus divides the pareital lbe and the frontal lobe?

A

central sulcus

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44
Q

what is the deep lobe of the brain?

A

insular lobe (insula)

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45
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges from superficial to deep?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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46
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF

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47
Q

what does the dura adhere to?

A

the inner periosteum of the skull bones

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48
Q

which meningeal layer(s) coats the brain in every sulcus and gyrus?

A

pia mater

dura and arachnoid are wrapped around but do not go into the sulci

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49
Q

where does the 3rd ventricle lie?

A

between both parts of the thalamus in the diencephalon

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50
Q

where does the 4th ventricle lie?

A

between the cerebellum and the pons

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51
Q

what connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricula foramen of Monro

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52
Q

what connects the 3rd ventrcile to the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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53
Q

in what 2 plexuses is the enteric nervous system found?

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal plexus

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54
Q

the dural venous sinuses drain into what vein?

A

internal jugular vein

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55
Q

where is the cell body of multipolar cells? (eg skeletal muscle cell)

A

central nervous system

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56
Q

where is the cell body of pseudounipolar cells? (eg sensory)

A

peripheral nervous system

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57
Q

where are upper motor neurones located?

A

CNS

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58
Q

where are lower motor neurones located?

A

PNS

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59
Q

in the CNS, what is a collection of nerve cell bodies called?

A

nucleus

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60
Q

in the PNS what is a collection of nerve cell bodies called?

A

ganglion

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61
Q

in the CNS what is a bundle of axons called?

A

tract

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62
Q

in the PNS what is a bundle of axns called?

A

nerve

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63
Q

compare tracts (CNS axon bundle) and nerves (PNS axon bundle) in terms of modality?

A

tracts are usually single modality (eg motor tract)

nerves a can be mixed (eg spinal nerves)

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64
Q

what is the modality of CN I? (olfactory)

A

special sensory

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65
Q

what is the modality of CN II? (optic)

A

special sensory

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66
Q

what is the modality of CN III? (oculomotor)

A

somatic motor and parasympathetic

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67
Q

what is the modality of CN IV? (trochlear)

A

somatic motor

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68
Q

what is the modality of CN V? (trigeminal)

A

somatic motor (V3) and somatic sensory

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69
Q

what is the modality of CN VI? (abducens)

A

somatic motor

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70
Q

what is the modality of CN VII? (facial)

A

somatic motor, special sensory and parasympathetic

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71
Q

what is the modality of CN VIII? (vestibulocochlear)

A

special sensory

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72
Q

what is the modality of CN IX? (glossopharyngeal)

A

somatic sensory, special sensory, somatic motor and parasympathetic

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73
Q

what is the modality of the CN X? (vagus)

A

somatic motor, somatic sensory and parasympathetic

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74
Q

what is the modailty of CN XI? (spinal accessory)

A

somatic motor

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75
Q

what is the modality of CN XII? (hypoglossal)

A

somatic motor

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76
Q

all cranial nerves are associated with the brainstam (midbrain, pons and medulla) except which?

A

CN I and CN II

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77
Q

describe the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

A 
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Co1
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78
Q

in which forminae are the spinal nerves located?

A

intervertebral foramina

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79
Q

describe the pathway of sensory axons from the spinal nerve to the dorsal horn?

A

spinal nerve
posterior root
posterior rootlet
dorsal horn

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80
Q

describe the pathway of motor axons from the ventral horn to the spinal nerve?

A

ventral horn
anterior root
ventral rootlet
spinal nerve

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81
Q

where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

in spinal cord, at/a few levels above point of entry

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82
Q

where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

in medullary pyramid

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83
Q

where does the dorsal column lateral meniscus decussate?

A

in the brainstem

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84
Q

where is the primary afferent neurone of the sensory pathway located?

A

PNS

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85
Q

where is the second order neurone of the sensory pathway located?

A

CNS

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86
Q

where does the second order neurone of the sensory pathway synapse?

A

at the thalamus

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87
Q

where does the third order neurone of the sensory pathway synapse?

A

cerebral cortex

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88
Q

what dermatome supplies the shoulder?

A

C4

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89
Q

what dermatome supplies the lateral arm?

A

C5

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90
Q

what dermatome supplies the lateral forearm to thumb?

A

C6

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91
Q

what dermatome supplies the middle finger?

A

C7

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92
Q

what dermatoms supplies the pinky finger?

A

C8

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93
Q

what dermatome supplies the medial forearm?

A

T1

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94
Q

what dermatome supplies the medial arm?

A

T2

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95
Q

what dermatome supplies the nipple?

A

T4

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96
Q

what dermatome supplies the umbilicus?

A

T10

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97
Q

what dermatome supplies the area of your jean pockets? (groin)

A

L1

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98
Q

what dermatome supplies the anterior thigh?

A

L2

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99
Q

what dermatome supplies the medial thigh and anterior knee?

A

L3

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100
Q

what dermatome supplies the lateral leg?

A

L5

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101
Q

what dermatome supplies the medial leg?

A

L4

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102
Q

what dermatome supplies the lateral foot?

A

S1

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103
Q

what dermaome supplies the dorsum of the foot?

A

L5

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104
Q

what dermatome supplies the heel?

A

S1

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105
Q

what dermatome supplies the posterior knee?

A

S2

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106
Q

what dermatome supplies the posterior thigh?

A

S2

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107
Q

what dermatome supplies the buttocks?

A

S3

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108
Q

what dermatome map is used in dundee?

A

foerster map

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109
Q

what dermatomes supplies the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?

A

C2-C4

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110
Q

what dermatomes supplies the upper limb?

A

C5-T1

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111
Q

what dermatome supply the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?

A

L2-Co1

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112
Q

are nerve plexuses made of anterior or posterior rami?

A

anterior rami

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113
Q

what makes up the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4 anterior rami

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114
Q

what does the cervical plexus supply?

A

posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

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115
Q

what makes up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 anterior rami

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116
Q

what does the brachial plexus supply?

A

upper limb

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117
Q

what makes up the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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118
Q

what does the lumbar plexus supply?

A

lower limb

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119
Q

what makes up the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

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120
Q

what does the sacral plexus supply?

A

lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

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121
Q

are dermatomes supplied by anterior or posterior rami of that spinal nerve?

A

both anterior and posterior rami

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122
Q

are myotomes supplied by anterior or posterior rami of that spinal nerve?

A

both

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123
Q

which spinal nerves comntain sympathetic outflow?

A

T1-L2

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124
Q

what horn of the spinal cord do sympathetic neurones leave from?

A

lateral horn

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125
Q

which segments of the spine have lateral horns?

A

T1-L2

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126
Q

where do sympathetic presynaptic axons which supply the heart synapse?

A

in cervical or T1 paravertebral ganglia

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127
Q

how do sympathetic postsynaptic axons travel from paravertebral gangla to the heart?

A

in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

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128
Q

where do sympathetic -presynaptic axons which supply the lungs synapse?

A

upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

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129
Q

how do sympathetic postsynaptic axons travel from the paravertebral ganglia to the lungs?

A

in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

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130
Q

where do sympathetic presynaptic axons which supply the abdominopelvic organs synapse?

A

pass through paravertebral ganglia without synapsing and instead synapse with preverebtral ganglia (midline of abdominal aorta ie coeliac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglion etc)

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131
Q

where do sympathetic presynaptic axons which supply the adrenal medulla synapse?

A

directly on adrenaline secreting cells of adrenal medulla

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132
Q

in horners syndrome, why is there ptosis?

A

loss of sympathetic supply to levator palpebrae superioris

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133
Q

in horners syndrome, why is there miosis?

A

loss of sympathetic supply to dilator pupillae?

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134
Q

in horners syndrome why is there reduced sweating of ipsilateral facial skin?

A

loss of sympathetic supply to skin sweat glands

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135
Q

what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN III?

A

ciliary ganglion (eye)

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136
Q

what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN VII?

A 
pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland)
submandibular ganglion (submandibular and sublingual gland)
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137
Q

what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN IX?

A

otic ganglion (parotid gland)

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138
Q

what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN X?

A

no associated ganglion

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139
Q

what ganglion is associated with parasympathetic supply from the sacral spinal nerves?

A

no associated ganglion

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140
Q

what is the tapered cone-shaped end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

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141
Q

what is the name of the tfibrous cord which anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx?

A

filum terminale

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142
Q

what is the filum terminale mainly made of?

A

pia mater

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143
Q

what ligaments suspends the spinal cord within the subarachnoid space?

A

denticulate ligaments

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144
Q

what are the denticulate ligaments made of?

A

pia and arachnoid mater

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145
Q

what are the 3 main components of the arterial supply of the spinal cord?

A
  • 3 major longitudinal arteries
  • segmental arteries
  • radicular arteries
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146
Q

is the epidural space present in the brain or the spinal cord?

A

only in spinal cord

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147
Q

what is the epidural space between?

A

periosteum and dura mater

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148
Q

what does the epidural space contain?

A

adipose tissue and anterior and posterior epidural venus plexuses

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149
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

post-central gyrus

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150
Q

how many neurones are involved in the sensory pathway?

A

3

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151
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

pre-central gyrus

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152
Q

where does the lateral corticospinatal tract cross?

A

pyramids of the medulla

crossed fibres

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153
Q

where does the anterior corticospinal tract cross?

A

segmentally

uncrossed fibres

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154
Q

in decorticate posturing, what happens to the upper limbs?

A

hyperflexion

-spastic paralysis

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155
Q

what is the function of the tectospinal tract? (extrapyramidal tract)

A

reflex head and neck movement to visual stimuli

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156
Q

what is the function of the reticulospinal tract? (extrapyramidal)

A

fibres from the medulla facilitate flexor movement/inhibit extensor movement
fibres from the pons facilitate extensor movement/inhibit flexor movement

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157
Q

what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract? (Extrapyramidal tract)

A

excitatory input to antigravity muscles (mainly extensors)

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158
Q

what is unusual about the vestibulospinal tract compared to other pyramidal/extrapyramidal tracts?

A

doesn’t ever cross to the other side

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159
Q

what are the 3 main extrapyramidal tracts?

A

rectospinal
vestibulospinal
tectospinal

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160
Q

what is the one sensory modality which doesnt have to access the cortex via the thalamus?

A

smell

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161
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe
follocculonodulae lobe

162
Q

what tough sheet lies over the cerebellum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

163
Q

what attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

3 peduncles

  • superior cerebellar peduncle
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
164
Q

what is the vermis?

A

a worm like structure in the middle of the cerbellum

165
Q

what are the gyri of the cerebellum known as?

A

folia

166
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A 
molecular layer (outer)
purkinje cell layer (middle)
granular layer (inner)
167
Q

lesions in the cerebellum affect what side of the body?

A

ipsilateral side

168
Q

describe cerebellar ataxia?

A

incordination of arms and staggering, wide-based gait

169
Q

what are the signs of bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?

A

dysarthria

cerebellar ataxia

170
Q

what is dysarthria?

A

slowed slurred speech

171
Q

what happens to the cerebellum in acute alcohol exposure?

A

bilateral cerebellar dysfunction

dyarthria and cerebellar ataxia

172
Q

what does a cerebellar midline lesion (lesion in the vermis) result in?

A

disturbance of postural control

173
Q

what does the basal ganglia consist of?

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus  pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
174
Q

what does the striatum consist of?

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

175
Q

what does the corpus striatum consist of?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

176
Q

what does the lenticular nucleus consist of?

A

putamen

globus pallidus

177
Q

where does the putamen sit in relation to the thalamus?

A

lateral to the thalamus

178
Q

where does the globus pallidus sit in relation to the putamen?

A

medial to the putamen

179
Q

what does the caudate nucleus look like?

A

rams horns

180
Q

where is the caudate nucleus in relation to the lateral vnetricles?

A

lateral to the ventricles

181
Q

what separates the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen?)

A

white matter tract called the internal capsule

182
Q

lesions in the basal ganglia affect what side of the body?

A

contralateral side

183
Q

what are the main motor signs caused by lesions of the basal ganglia?

A

changes in muscle tone

dyskinesias (tremor, chorea, myoclonus)

184
Q

what is dyskinesia?

A

involuntary abnormal movements

185
Q

what is the pathology of parkinsons disease?

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra?

186
Q

what is the pathology of huntingtons disease?

A

progresssive degeneration of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

187
Q

what are the 4 main extrinsic back muscles?

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboid minor and major

188
Q

what are the 2 main groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A 
erector spinae (superficial)
transversospinalis (deep)
189
Q

where does the transversospinalis lie? (in relation to a vertebra)

A

between spinous process and transverse process

190
Q

what are the 2 main muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A 
psoas major (medial)
quadratus lumborum (more lateral, and posterior)
191
Q

what are the 3 muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

192
Q

what are the 3 erector spinae muscles?

A

iliocostalis (laterally)
longissimus (middle)
spinalis (medially)

193
Q

what are the attachments of iliocostalis?

A

sacrum/iliac crest to ribs

194
Q

what are the attachments of longissimus?

A

sacrum/iliac crest to transverse processes of vertebrae

195
Q

what are the attachments of spinalis?

A

sacrum/iliac crest to spinous processes of vertebrae

196
Q

what muscles are involved in extension/lateral extensions/rotational movements of the spine?

A

intrinsic back muscles

erector spinae and transversospinalis

197
Q

what muscles are involved in flexion of the spine?

A

psoas major mainly (and rectus abdominis)

198
Q

what is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

posterior rami branches of the cervical, thracic and lumbar spine

199
Q

what type of joints are between the inferior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of another?

A

synovial facet joints

200
Q

when synovial facet joints are affected by arthritis, which nerves transmit the pain signals?

A

posterior rami

201
Q

when an intervertebral disc herniates, which nerves transmit the pain signals?

A

posterior rami

202
Q

what is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

connects adjacent laminae

203
Q

what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

attaches to posterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
-prevents over-flexion of the spine

204
Q

what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

attaches to the anterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
-prevents over-extension of the spine

205
Q

what are the 2 reasons disc herniations are likely to happen posteriorly?

A

annulus fibrosus is weakest posteriorly

posterior longitudinal ligament is weak

206
Q

what is the function of the supraspinous ligament?

A

connects tips of spinous processes

207
Q

what is the function of the interspinous ligament?

A

connects spinous processes

208
Q

which vertebrae is vertebrae prominens?

A

C7

209
Q

what additional foramen do the cervical vertberae have?

A

transverse foramen

foramen transversarium

210
Q

why is C7’s spinous process different to the other cervical spinous processes

A

not bifid like the other cervical spinous processes

211
Q

what kind of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

synovial joints

212
Q

what are the movements of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

flexion and extension of the neck

rotation

213
Q

what are the 3 atlanto-axial joints?

A

2 between articular facets of atlas and axis (R and L)

1 between odontoid process of axis and anterior arch of atlas

214
Q

what ligament holds the odontoid process of the axis against the anterior process of the atlas?

A

transverse ligament of the atlas

215
Q

what foraminae allow the anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves to pass through the sacrum?

A

anterior sacral foraminae

216
Q

what foraminae allow the posterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves to pass through the sacrum?

A

posterior sacral foraminae

217
Q

what is the name of the palpable inferior end of the spinal canal?

A

sacral hiatus

218
Q

how is caudal anesthesia done?

A

local anaesthetic injected into sacral hiatus

sacral spinal nerve roots of cauda equina are anaesthetised

219
Q

what dermatome supplies the back of the scalp and adams apple?

A

C2

220
Q

what dermatome supplies the back of neck and jugular notch?

A

C3

221
Q

what dermatome supplies the clavicle and shoulder tip?

A

C4

222
Q

what dermatome supplies the perineum?

A

S4

223
Q

what dermatome supplies the perianal skin?

A

S5

224
Q

what nerve supplies the supplies the skin posterior to the external ear? what spinal roots is this?

A

lesser occipital nerve C2

225
Q

what nerve supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible and some external ear? what spinal roots is this?

A

great auricular nerve

C2/3

226
Q

what nerve supplies the skin over the anterior neck? what spinal roots is this?

A

transverse cervical

C2/3

227
Q

what nerve supplies the skin over the clavicle and the shoulder tip? what spinal roots is this?

A

supraclavicular nerves

C3/4

228
Q

where is the nerve point of the neck?

A

midpoint of the posterior border of sternocleiodmastoid

(where sensory nerves of the cervical plexus pass)

229
Q

what nerve roots make the musculocutanoeous nerve?

A

C5, C6 (C7)

230
Q

what nerve roots make the axillary nerve?

A

C5, C6

231
Q

what nerve roots make the radial nerve?

A

(C5), C6, C7, C8, (T1)

232
Q

what nerve roots make the ulnar nerve?

A

(C7), C8, T1

233
Q

what nerve roots make the median nerve?

A

(C5), C6, C7, C8, T1

234
Q

what nerve roots make up the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

235
Q

what nerve roots make up the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L1

236
Q

the lower anterolateral trunk wall (ie below T12 dermatome) is supplied by what nerves?

A

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

237
Q

what nerve roots make up the genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1, L2

238
Q

what nerve roots make up the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh nerve?

A

L2,3

239
Q

what nerve roots make up the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?

A

S1,2,3

240
Q

what nerve roots make up the obturator nerve?

A

L2,3,4

241
Q

what nerve roots make up the femoral nerve?

A

L2,3,4

242
Q

what nerve roots make up the saphenous nerve?

A

L3,4 (From femoral)

243
Q

what nerve roots make up the sural nerve?

A

S1,2 (from tibial and common fibular)

244
Q

what nerve roots make up the superficial fibular nerve?

A

L4,5, S1

245
Q

what nerve roots make up the deep fibular nerve?

A

L5

246
Q

what nerve roots make up the tibial nerve?

A

L4,5,S1,2,3

247
Q

what muscles do the cervical plexus (C1-C4) supply?

A

neck postural and strap muscle

diaphragm

248
Q

what muscles do the brachial plexus (C5-T1) supply?

A

muscles of upper limb

extrinsic back muscles

249
Q

what muscles do T2-L3 supply?

A 
postural back muscles (posterior rami)
intercostal muscles (anterior rami)
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
250
Q

what muscles do the lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4) supply?

A

muscels of lower limb

perineal skeletal muscles

251
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?

A

facial nerve

252
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

trigeminal mandibular division

253
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the soft palate?

A

vagus/ pharngeal plexus

254
Q

what nerves supplies the neck postural muscles?

A

posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

255
Q

what nerve supplies the strap muscles?

A

C1-C3 cervical plexus

256
Q

what nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

C3,4,5 (phrenic nerve)

257
Q

what nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid?

A

spinal accessory nerve

258
Q

what nerve supplies the trapezius?

A

spinal accessory nerve

259
Q

what nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

vagus nerve

260
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the pharynx?

A

vagus nerve

261
Q

what nerves supply the intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves

262
Q

what nerves supply the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?

A

thoracoabdominal nerves

263
Q

what nerves supply the erector spinae?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

264
Q

what nerves supply the transversospinalis muscles?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

265
Q

what nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?

A

axillary nerve C5,6

266
Q

what nerve supplies teres minor?

A

axillary nerve C5,6

267
Q

what nerve supplies the biceps brachii?

A

musculocutaneous nerve C5,6,7

268
Q

what nerve supplies the brachialis?

A

musculocutaneous nerve C5,6,7`

269
Q

what nerve supplies the coracobrachialis?

A

musculocutaneous nerve C5,6,7

270
Q

what nerve supplies the pronator muscle of the forearm? (pronator teres and quadratus)

A

median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1

271
Q

what nerve supplies the flexor carpi radialis?

A

median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1

272
Q

what nerve supplies the palmaris longus?

A

median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1

273
Q

what nerve supplies the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1

274
Q

what nerve supplies the lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1

275
Q

what nerve supplies the flexor pollicis longus?

A

median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1

276
Q

what nerve supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1

277
Q

what nerve supplies the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1

278
Q

what nerve supplies the adductor pollicis?

A

ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1

279
Q

what nerve supplies the thenar muscles? (opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis)

A

median nerve (C5), C6,7,8,T1

280
Q

what nerve supplies the hypothenar muscles?

A

ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1

281
Q

what nerve supplies the lateral lumbricals?

A

median nerve (C5), C6,7,8, T1

282
Q

what nerve supplies the medial lumbricals?

A

ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1

283
Q

what nerve supplies the interossei muscles of the hand?

A

ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1

284
Q

what nerve supplies the triceps brachii?

A

radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)

285
Q

what nerve supplies the brachioradialis?

A

radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)

286
Q

what nerve supplies the supinator?

A

radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)

287
Q

what nerve supplies the extensors of the carpus and digits?

A

radial nerve (C5) C6,7,8, (T1)

288
Q

what nerve supplies the abductor pollicis longus?

A

radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)

289
Q

what nerve supplies the quadriceps femoris?

A

femoral nerve L2,3,4

290
Q

what nerve supplies the sartorius?

A

femoral nerve L2,3,4

291
Q

what nerve supplies the pectineus?

A

femoral nerve L2,3,4

292
Q

what nerve supplies the adductors of the thigh?

A

obturator nerve L2,3,4

293
Q

what nerve supplies the hamstrings?

A

tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4,5, S1,2,3)

294
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior comparment of the leg?

A

tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4,5, S1,2,3)

295
Q

what nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot?

A

tibial part of sciatic nerve

296
Q

what nerve supplies the short head of biceps femoris?

A

common fibular part of sciatic nerve (L4,5, S1,2)

297
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the lateral comparment of the leg?

A

superficial fibular of common fibular (L4,5, S1,2)

298
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

deep fibular branch of common fibular (L4,5, S1,2)

299
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the dorsum of the foot? (extensor digitorum brevs and extensor halucis brevis)

A

deep fibular branch of common fibular (L4,5, S1,2)

300
Q

how do you test myotome C5?

A

abduction (deltoid)

301
Q

abduction of the shoulder tests which myotome?

A

C5

302
Q

adduction of the shoulder tests which myotome?

A

C7

303
Q

flexion of the wrist tests which myotome?

A

C6/7

304
Q

extension of the wrist tests which myotome?

A

C7/8

305
Q

flexion of the elbow tests which myotome?

A

C5/6

306
Q

extension of the elbow tests which myotome?

A

C7/8

307
Q

pronation of the elbow tests which myotome?

A

C6

308
Q

supination of the elbow tests which myotome?

A

C8

309
Q

flexion of the fingers test which myotome?

A

C8

310
Q

extension of the fingers test which myotome?

A

C7

311
Q

adduction of the fingers test which myotome?

A

T1

312
Q

abduction of the fingers test which myotome?

A

T1

313
Q

flexion of the hip joint tests which myotome?

A

L2,3

314
Q

extension of the hip joint tests which myotome?

A

L5, S1

315
Q

flexion of the knee joint tests which myotome?

A

L5, S1

316
Q

extension of the knee joint tests which myotome?

A

L3,4

317
Q

dorsiflexion tests which myotome?

A

L4,5

318
Q

plantar flexion tests which myotome?

A

S1,2

319
Q

inversion of the ankle joint tests which myotome?

A

L4

320
Q

eversion of the ankle joint tests which myotome?

A

L5,S1

321
Q

what nerve root is tested by the ankle jerk?

A

S1

322
Q

what nerve root is tested by the knee jerk?

A

L4

323
Q

what nerve root is tested by the triceps reflex?

A

C7

324
Q

what nerve root is tested by the biceps brachii?

A

C5 (6)

325
Q

what nerve root is tested by brachioradialis?

A

C6

326
Q

which is the only cranial nerve to leave the brain posteriorly?

A

CN IV

327
Q

from what nucleus in the midbrain does the oculumotor nerve originate from?

A

superior colliculus

328
Q

from what nucleus in the midbrain does the trochlear nerve originate from?

A

inferior colliculus

329
Q

which for cranial nerves emerge very close to the midline of the brainstem?

A

III, IV, VI, XII

330
Q

where does the spinal accessory nerve arise from?

A

cervical spinal cord

331
Q

what muscles does the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

muscles of mastication
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini

332
Q

what four nuclei are associated with the trigeminal nerve? (describe function)

A

mesencephalic nucleus (chewing proprioception)
pontine trigeminal nucleus (discriminative touch)
spinal nucleus (pain, temp)
motor nucleus

333
Q

what muscles does the facial nerve supply?

A

muscles of facial expression

stapedius

334
Q

what muscles does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?

A

stylopharyngeus

335
Q

what 3 nuclei are associated with the facial nerve? (describe function)

A
  • motor nuleus
  • superior salivatory (parasympathetic)
  • solitary nucleus (taste)
336
Q

what 4 nuclei are associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve? (describe function)

A
  • solitary nucleus (taste)
  • commissural nucleus (visceral)
  • inferior salivatory nucleus (parasympathetic)
  • nucleus ambiguus (stylophayryngeus)
337
Q

what 4 nuclei are associated with the vagus nerve? (describe function)

A
  • solitary nucleus (taste)
  • commissural nucleus (visceral)
  • dorsal motor nucleus (parasympathetic)
  • nucleus ambiguus (stylopharyngeus)
338
Q

what cranial nerves come out from the diencephalon?

A

CN II

339
Q

what cranial nerves come out from the midbrain?

A

CN III, IV

340
Q

what cranial nerves come out from the pons?

A

CN V

341
Q

what cranial nerves come out from the pontomedullary junction?

A

CN VI, VII, VIII

342
Q

what cranial nerves come out from the medulla olongata?

A

CN IX, X, XII

343
Q

what is the cranial foramen of the olfactory nerve?

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

-anterior cranial fossa

344
Q

what are the 5 ways of testing CN II?

A
  • visual acuity
  • colour testing
  • visual fields
  • pupillary light reflex
  • fundoscopy
345
Q

what is the cranial foramen of the CN II?

A

optic canal

346
Q

what is the cranial foramen of the CN III?

A

superior orbital fissure

347
Q

how do you test CN III?

A
  • H test

- pupillary light reflex

348
Q

what is the cranial foramen of the CN IV?

A

superior orbital fissure

349
Q

how do you test CN IV?

A

-H test (abduction)

350
Q

what is the intracranial pathway of CN III, CN IV and CN VI?

A

III and IV travels towards orbit in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
VI travles towards orbit wihtin the cavernous sinus

351
Q

what is the cranial foramen of the CN VI?

A

superior orbital fissure

352
Q

how do you test CN VI?

A

-H test (down and in)

353
Q

what is the cranial foramen for CN VIII?

A

internal acoustic meatus in posterior cranial fossa

354
Q

how do you test CN VIII?

A

rinne and webers test

355
Q

what is the cranial foramen of CN XI?

A

jugular foramen

356
Q

how do you test CN XI?

A

shrug shoulders

turn head to flex neck

357
Q

what is the cranial foramen of CN XII?

A

hypoglossal canal in posterior cranial fossa

358
Q

describe the extrancranial course of CN XII in relation to carotid sheath?

A

descends lateral to carotid sheath

359
Q

how do you test CN XII?

A

stick tongue straight out

360
Q

what is the cranial foramen of CN V?

A

V1- superior orbital fissure
V2- foramen rotundum
V3- foramen ovale

361
Q

what nerve supplies the sensation of the paranasal sinuses?

A

all CN V1 except maxillary sinus which is CN V2

362
Q

what are the 4 muscles of mastication? (and give function)

A 
jaw closing:
-masseter
-temporalis
-medial pterygoid
jaw opening:
-laterl pterygoid
363
Q

how do you test CN V?

A

brush skin in each dermatome, compare both sides
palpate contraction strength of masseter and temporalis
ask patient to open jaw against resistance

364
Q

what is the cranial foramen of CN VII?

A

internal acoustic meatus

365
Q

at what foramen does CN VII leave the skull?

A

stylomastoid foramen

366
Q

what canal connects the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen?

A

facial canal in the petrous temporal bone

367
Q

what is the function of the tensor tympani?

A

dampens noise produced by chewing

368
Q

what are the 4 muscles of facial expression?

A

frontalis
orbicularis oculi
elevators of lips
orbicularis oris

369
Q

how do you test CN VII?

A

ask patient to raise eyebrows
close eyes tightly
smile
puff out cheeks

370
Q

what is the cranial foramen of CN IX?

A

jugular foramen

371
Q

what papillae have special taste function?

A

vallate papillae

372
Q

what nerve supplies visceral afferents to the carotid sinus and body?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

373
Q

how do you test CN IX?

A

gag reflex

374
Q

what is the cranial foramen of CN X?

A

jugular foramen

375
Q

describe the extrancranial course of CN X in relation to carotid sheath?

A

descends within the carotid sheath

376
Q

what does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve curve under?

A

the arch of the aorta

377
Q

what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve curve under?

A

right subclavian artery

378
Q

where does the vagus parasympathetic supply end?

A

splenix flexure of the colon

379
Q

how do you test CN X?

A

ask patient to say ‘ahh’
ask patient to swallow
listen to speech

380
Q

what is the thinnest part of the skull?

A

the pterion

381
Q

what artery lies underneath the pteroid?

A

the middle meningeal artery

382
Q

what give rise to the pain of meningitis?

A

stretching of the dura mater

383
Q

why does the tentorium cereblli have a central gap?

A

to allow the brainstem to pass through

384
Q

what is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater which sits over the pituitary fossa?

A

diaphragm sellae

385
Q

what vein is part of the danger triangle of the face?

A

facial vein

386
Q

what sinus runs superiorly on each side of the falx cerebri?

A

superior sagittal sinus

387
Q

where is the confluence of cranial sinueses?

A

at the internal occipital protruberance (deep to external occipital protruberance)

388
Q

describe the course of the vertebral arteries?

A

arise from subclavian arteries and ascend through the transverse forminae of cervical vertebrae
enters foramen magnum and joins the basilar artery

389
Q

in which space is the circle of willis?

A

subarachnoid space

390
Q

what is the term for increased CSF volume?

A

hydrocephalus

391
Q

what is the symptomatic treatment of hydorcephalus?

A

ventricular peritoneal shunt

392
Q

where is the bleed in an extradural haemorrhage?

A

between dura and bone

393
Q

what blood vessel is most likely torn in an extradural haemorrhage?

A

middle meningeal artery

394
Q

what is the most likely cause of an extradural haemorrhage?

A

trauma to pterion

395
Q

where is the bleed in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

between dura and arachnoid (created a gap)

396
Q

what blood vessel is most likely torn in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

cerebral veins

397
Q

what is the most likely cause of a subdural haemorrhage?

A

falls in the elderly

398
Q

where is the bleed in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

into CSF of subarachnoid space

399
Q

what blood vessel is most likely torn in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

ruptured circle of willis

400
Q

what ligaments are passed through during epidural anaesthesia or lumbar puncture?

A

supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum

401
Q

what can damage to the extradural venous plexus of the spinal cord result in?

A

epidural haematoma

402
Q

what is the most lateral cranial nerve?

A

CN VIII

Neurology (3 decks)

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