Anatomy Flashcards
(402 cards)
1
Q
what does the CNS consist of?
A
brain + spinal cord
2
Q
what does the PNS consist of?
A
12 pairs cranial nerves
31 pairs spinal nerves + branches
3
Q
which cranial nerve is thought to be almost part of the CNS?
A
optic nerve CN II
4
Q
in the early stages of brain development, what are the 3 visible swellings in the neural tube?
A
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
5
Q
will the prosencephalon become forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?
A
forebrain
6
Q
will the mesencephalon become forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?
A
midbrain
7
Q
will the rhombencephalon become forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?
A
hindbrain
8
Q
what major embryonic divisions does the prosencephalon divide into?
A
telencephalon
diencephalon
9
Q
what major embryonic divisions does the rhombencephalon divide into?
A
metencephalon
myelencephalon
10
Q
what does the telencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?
A
cerebral hemispheres
11
Q
what does the diencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?
A
thalamus and hypothalamus
12
Q
what does the mesencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?
A
midbrain
13
Q
what does the metencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?
A
pons and cerebellum
14
Q
what does the myelencephalon correspond to in the mature brain?
A
medulla oblongata
15
Q
apart from the visible swellings, what does the remainder of the neural tube become?
A
spinal cord
16
Q
what makes up the brainstem?
A
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
17
Q
what are the supporting cells in the CNS called?
A
glial cells
18
Q
what are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS?
A
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
19
Q
what are the 3 main roles of an astrocyte in the CNS?
A
- physical support
- instigates tight capillaries for blood brain barrier
- environmental homeostasis
20
Q
what is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
A
produce myelin in the CNS
21
Q
what cranial nerve is the odd one out because it is myelinated by oligodendrocytes instead of schwann cells?
A
CN II optic nerve
22
Q
what is the function of microglia in the CNS?
A
immune monitoring and antigen presentation (phagocytes)
23
Q
where are microglia produced?
A
bone marrow
24
Q
what MHC class do microglia epress?
A
MHC II
25
what is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS?
ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the ventricles
26
what are deep sulci in the brain called?
fissures
27
in the cerebellum, what is the name for the bumps that are equivalent to gyri in the cerebrum?
fovia (singular = fovium)
28
what is the name of the deep sulcus at the anterior sagittal midline of the brain?
longitudinal fissure (or interhemispheric fissure)
29
is grey matter generally located peripherally or centrally in the brain?
generally peripherally
30
does grey matter contain cell bodies or axons?
cell bodies
31
does white matter contain cell bodies or axons?
axons
32
what is the function of sulci and gyri?
allow us to incorporate a lot of grey matter in a small space
33
is grey matter located peripherally or centrally in the spinal cord?
centrally
34
what is the name of the sulcus at the coronal midline of the brain?
central sulcus
35
anterior to the central sulcus, what is the gyrus called?
precentral gyrus
36
posterior to the central sulcus, what is the gyrus called?
postcentral gyrus
37
what is the name of the sulcus between the frontal or parietal lobe and temporal lobe?
lateral fissure
38
what is the name of the dura sheet which occupies the longitudinal fissure?
falx cerebri
39
what is the corpus callosum?
white matter that carries information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
40
what sulcus separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?
parieto-occipital sulcus
41
the primary visual cortex surrounds what sulcus?
calcarine sulcus
42
what connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial aspect?
interthalamic adhesion
43
what sulcus divides the pareital lbe and the frontal lobe?
central sulcus
44
what is the deep lobe of the brain?
insular lobe (insula)
45
what are the 3 layers of meninges from superficial to deep?
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
46
what does the subarachnoid space contain?
CSF
47
what does the dura adhere to?
the inner periosteum of the skull bones
48
which meningeal layer(s) coats the brain in every sulcus and gyrus?
pia mater
| dura and arachnoid are wrapped around but do not go into the sulci
49
where does the 3rd ventricle lie?
between both parts of the thalamus in the diencephalon
50
where does the 4th ventricle lie?
between the cerebellum and the pons
51
what connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
interventricula foramen of Monro
52
what connects the 3rd ventrcile to the 4th ventricle?
cerebral aqueduct
53
in what 2 plexuses is the enteric nervous system found?
myenteric plexus
| submucosal plexus
54
the dural venous sinuses drain into what vein?
internal jugular vein
55
where is the cell body of multipolar cells? (eg skeletal muscle cell)
central nervous system
56
where is the cell body of pseudounipolar cells? (eg sensory)
peripheral nervous system
57
where are upper motor neurones located?
CNS
58
where are lower motor neurones located?
PNS
59
in the CNS, what is a collection of nerve cell bodies called?
nucleus
60
in the PNS what is a collection of nerve cell bodies called?
ganglion
61
in the CNS what is a bundle of axons called?
tract
62
in the PNS what is a bundle of axns called?
nerve
63
compare tracts (CNS axon bundle) and nerves (PNS axon bundle) in terms of modality?
tracts are usually single modality (eg motor tract)
| nerves a can be mixed (eg spinal nerves)
64
what is the modality of CN I? (olfactory)
special sensory
65
what is the modality of CN II? (optic)
special sensory
66
what is the modality of CN III? (oculomotor)
somatic motor and parasympathetic
67
what is the modality of CN IV? (trochlear)
somatic motor
68
what is the modality of CN V? (trigeminal)
somatic motor (V3) and somatic sensory
69
what is the modality of CN VI? (abducens)
somatic motor
70
what is the modality of CN VII? (facial)
somatic motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
71
what is the modality of CN VIII? (vestibulocochlear)
special sensory
72
what is the modality of CN IX? (glossopharyngeal)
somatic sensory, special sensory, somatic motor and parasympathetic
73
what is the modality of the CN X? (vagus)
somatic motor, somatic sensory and parasympathetic
74
what is the modailty of CN XI? (spinal accessory)
somatic motor
75
what is the modality of CN XII? (hypoglossal)
somatic motor
76
all cranial nerves are associated with the brainstam (midbrain, pons and medulla) except which?
CN I and CN II
77
describe the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?
```
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Co1
```
78
in which forminae are the spinal nerves located?
intervertebral foramina
79
describe the pathway of sensory axons from the spinal nerve to the dorsal horn?
spinal nerve
posterior root
posterior rootlet
dorsal horn
80
describe the pathway of motor axons from the ventral horn to the spinal nerve?
ventral horn
anterior root
ventral rootlet
spinal nerve
81
where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?
in spinal cord, at/a few levels above point of entry
82
where does the corticospinal tract decussate?
in medullary pyramid
83
where does the dorsal column lateral meniscus decussate?
in the brainstem
84
where is the primary afferent neurone of the sensory pathway located?
PNS
85
where is the second order neurone of the sensory pathway located?
CNS
86
where does the second order neurone of the sensory pathway synapse?
at the thalamus
87
where does the third order neurone of the sensory pathway synapse?
cerebral cortex
88
what dermatome supplies the shoulder?
C4
89
what dermatome supplies the lateral arm?
C5
90
what dermatome supplies the lateral forearm to thumb?
C6
91
what dermatome supplies the middle finger?
C7
92
what dermatoms supplies the pinky finger?
C8
93
what dermatome supplies the medial forearm?
T1
94
what dermatome supplies the medial arm?
T2
95
what dermatome supplies the nipple?
T4
96
what dermatome supplies the umbilicus?
T10
97
what dermatome supplies the area of your jean pockets? (groin)
L1
98
what dermatome supplies the anterior thigh?
L2
99
what dermatome supplies the medial thigh and anterior knee?
L3
100
what dermatome supplies the lateral leg?
L5
101
what dermatome supplies the medial leg?
L4
102
what dermatome supplies the lateral foot?
S1
103
what dermaome supplies the dorsum of the foot?
L5
104
what dermatome supplies the heel?
S1
105
what dermatome supplies the posterior knee?
S2
106
what dermatome supplies the posterior thigh?
S2
107
what dermatome supplies the buttocks?
S3
108
what dermatome map is used in dundee?
foerster map
109
what dermatomes supplies the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?
C2-C4
110
what dermatomes supplies the upper limb?
C5-T1
111
what dermatome supply the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?
L2-Co1
112
are nerve plexuses made of anterior or posterior rami?
anterior rami
113
what makes up the cervical plexus?
C1-C4 anterior rami
114
what does the cervical plexus supply?
posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm
115
what makes up the brachial plexus?
C5-T1 anterior rami
116
what does the brachial plexus supply?
upper limb
117
what makes up the lumbar plexus?
L1-L4
118
what does the lumbar plexus supply?
lower limb
119
what makes up the sacral plexus?
L5-S4
120
what does the sacral plexus supply?
lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
121
are dermatomes supplied by anterior or posterior rami of that spinal nerve?
both anterior and posterior rami
122
are myotomes supplied by anterior or posterior rami of that spinal nerve?
both
123
which spinal nerves comntain sympathetic outflow?
T1-L2
124
what horn of the spinal cord do sympathetic neurones leave from?
lateral horn
125
which segments of the spine have lateral horns?
T1-L2
126
where do sympathetic presynaptic axons which supply the heart synapse?
in cervical or T1 paravertebral ganglia
127
how do sympathetic postsynaptic axons travel from paravertebral gangla to the heart?
in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
128
where do sympathetic -presynaptic axons which supply the lungs synapse?
upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia
129
how do sympathetic postsynaptic axons travel from the paravertebral ganglia to the lungs?
in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
130
where do sympathetic presynaptic axons which supply the abdominopelvic organs synapse?
pass through paravertebral ganglia without synapsing and instead synapse with preverebtral ganglia (midline of abdominal aorta ie coeliac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglion etc)
131
where do sympathetic presynaptic axons which supply the adrenal medulla synapse?
directly on adrenaline secreting cells of adrenal medulla
132
in horners syndrome, why is there ptosis?
loss of sympathetic supply to levator palpebrae superioris
133
in horners syndrome, why is there miosis?
loss of sympathetic supply to dilator pupillae?
134
in horners syndrome why is there reduced sweating of ipsilateral facial skin?
loss of sympathetic supply to skin sweat glands
135
what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN III?
ciliary ganglion (eye)
136
what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN VII?
```
pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland)
submandibular ganglion (submandibular and sublingual gland)
```
137
what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN IX?
otic ganglion (parotid gland)
138
what ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply of CN X?
no associated ganglion
139
what ganglion is associated with parasympathetic supply from the sacral spinal nerves?
no associated ganglion
140
what is the tapered cone-shaped end of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
141
what is the name of the tfibrous cord which anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx?
filum terminale
142
what is the filum terminale mainly made of?
pia mater
143
what ligaments suspends the spinal cord within the subarachnoid space?
denticulate ligaments
144
what are the denticulate ligaments made of?
pia and arachnoid mater
145
what are the 3 main components of the arterial supply of the spinal cord?
- 3 major longitudinal arteries
- segmental arteries
- radicular arteries
146
is the epidural space present in the brain or the spinal cord?
only in spinal cord
147
what is the epidural space between?
periosteum and dura mater
148
what does the epidural space contain?
adipose tissue and anterior and posterior epidural venus plexuses
149
where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
post-central gyrus
150
how many neurones are involved in the sensory pathway?
3
151
where is the primary motor cortex located?
pre-central gyrus
152
where does the lateral corticospinatal tract cross?
pyramids of the medulla
| crossed fibres
153
where does the anterior corticospinal tract cross?
segmentally
| uncrossed fibres
154
in decorticate posturing, what happens to the upper limbs?
hyperflexion
| -spastic paralysis
155
what is the function of the tectospinal tract? (extrapyramidal tract)
reflex head and neck movement to visual stimuli
156
what is the function of the reticulospinal tract? (extrapyramidal)
fibres from the medulla facilitate flexor movement/inhibit extensor movement
fibres from the pons facilitate extensor movement/inhibit flexor movement
157
what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract? (Extrapyramidal tract)
excitatory input to antigravity muscles (mainly extensors)
158
what is unusual about the vestibulospinal tract compared to other pyramidal/extrapyramidal tracts?
doesn't ever cross to the other side
159
what are the 3 main extrapyramidal tracts?
rectospinal
vestibulospinal
tectospinal
160
what is the one sensory modality which doesnt have to access the cortex via the thalamus?
smell
161
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
follocculonodulae lobe
162
what tough sheet lies over the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
163
what attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?
3 peduncles
- superior cerebellar peduncle
- middle cerebellar peduncle
- inferior cerebellar peduncle
164
what is the vermis?
a worm like structure in the middle of the cerbellum
165
what are the gyri of the cerebellum known as?
folia
166
what are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?
```
molecular layer (outer)
purkinje cell layer (middle)
granular layer (inner)
```
167
lesions in the cerebellum affect what side of the body?
ipsilateral side
168
describe cerebellar ataxia?
incordination of arms and staggering, wide-based gait
169
what are the signs of bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?
dysarthria
| cerebellar ataxia
170
what is dysarthria?
slowed slurred speech
171
what happens to the cerebellum in acute alcohol exposure?
bilateral cerebellar dysfunction
| dyarthria and cerebellar ataxia
172
what does a cerebellar midline lesion (lesion in the vermis) result in?
disturbance of postural control
173
what does the basal ganglia consist of?
```
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
```
174
what does the striatum consist of?
caudate nucleus
| putamen
175
what does the corpus striatum consist of?
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
176
what does the lenticular nucleus consist of?
putamen
| globus pallidus
177
where does the putamen sit in relation to the thalamus?
lateral to the thalamus
178
where does the globus pallidus sit in relation to the putamen?
medial to the putamen
179
what does the caudate nucleus look like?
rams horns
180
where is the caudate nucleus in relation to the lateral vnetricles?
lateral to the ventricles
181
what separates the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen?)
white matter tract called the internal capsule
182
lesions in the basal ganglia affect what side of the body?
contralateral side
183
what are the main motor signs caused by lesions of the basal ganglia?
changes in muscle tone
| dyskinesias (tremor, chorea, myoclonus)
184
what is dyskinesia?
involuntary abnormal movements
185
what is the pathology of parkinsons disease?
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra?
186
what is the pathology of huntingtons disease?
progresssive degeneration of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
187
what are the 4 main extrinsic back muscles?
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboid minor and major
188
what are the 2 main groups of intrinsic back muscles?
```
erector spinae (superficial)
transversospinalis (deep)
```
189
where does the transversospinalis lie? (in relation to a vertebra)
between spinous process and transverse process
190
what are the 2 main muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
```
psoas major (medial)
quadratus lumborum (more lateral, and posterior)
```
191
what are the 3 muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
192
what are the 3 erector spinae muscles?
iliocostalis (laterally)
longissimus (middle)
spinalis (medially)
193
what are the attachments of iliocostalis?
sacrum/iliac crest to ribs
194
what are the attachments of longissimus?
sacrum/iliac crest to transverse processes of vertebrae
195
what are the attachments of spinalis?
sacrum/iliac crest to spinous processes of vertebrae
196
what muscles are involved in extension/lateral extensions/rotational movements of the spine?
intrinsic back muscles
| erector spinae and transversospinalis
197
what muscles are involved in flexion of the spine?
psoas major mainly (and rectus abdominis)
198
what is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles?
posterior rami branches of the cervical, thracic and lumbar spine
199
what type of joints are between the inferior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of another?
synovial facet joints
200
when synovial facet joints are affected by arthritis, which nerves transmit the pain signals?
posterior rami
201
when an intervertebral disc herniates, which nerves transmit the pain signals?
posterior rami
202
what is the function of the ligamentum flavum?
connects adjacent laminae
203
what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
attaches to posterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
-prevents over-flexion of the spine
204
what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
attaches to the anterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
-prevents over-extension of the spine
205
what are the 2 reasons disc herniations are likely to happen posteriorly?
annulus fibrosus is weakest posteriorly
| posterior longitudinal ligament is weak
206
what is the function of the supraspinous ligament?
connects tips of spinous processes
207
what is the function of the interspinous ligament?
connects spinous processes
208
which vertebrae is vertebrae prominens?
C7
209
what additional foramen do the cervical vertberae have?
transverse foramen
| foramen transversarium
210
why is C7's spinous process different to the other cervical spinous processes
not bifid like the other cervical spinous processes
211
what kind of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
synovial joints
212
what are the movements of the atlanto-occipital joint?
flexion and extension of the neck
| rotation
213
what are the 3 atlanto-axial joints?
2 between articular facets of atlas and axis (R and L)
| 1 between odontoid process of axis and anterior arch of atlas
214
what ligament holds the odontoid process of the axis against the anterior process of the atlas?
transverse ligament of the atlas
215
what foraminae allow the anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves to pass through the sacrum?
anterior sacral foraminae
216
what foraminae allow the posterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves to pass through the sacrum?
posterior sacral foraminae
217
what is the name of the palpable inferior end of the spinal canal?
sacral hiatus
218
how is caudal anesthesia done?
local anaesthetic injected into sacral hiatus
| sacral spinal nerve roots of cauda equina are anaesthetised
219
what dermatome supplies the back of the scalp and adams apple?
C2
220
what dermatome supplies the back of neck and jugular notch?
C3
221
what dermatome supplies the clavicle and shoulder tip?
C4
222
what dermatome supplies the perineum?
S4
223
what dermatome supplies the perianal skin?
S5
224
what nerve supplies the supplies the skin posterior to the external ear? what spinal roots is this?
lesser occipital nerve C2
225
what nerve supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible and some external ear? what spinal roots is this?
great auricular nerve
| C2/3
226
what nerve supplies the skin over the anterior neck? what spinal roots is this?
transverse cervical
| C2/3
227
what nerve supplies the skin over the clavicle and the shoulder tip? what spinal roots is this?
supraclavicular nerves
| C3/4
228
where is the nerve point of the neck?
midpoint of the posterior border of sternocleiodmastoid
| (where sensory nerves of the cervical plexus pass)
229
what nerve roots make the musculocutanoeous nerve?
C5, C6 (C7)
230
what nerve roots make the axillary nerve?
C5, C6
231
what nerve roots make the radial nerve?
(C5), C6, C7, C8, (T1)
232
what nerve roots make the ulnar nerve?
(C7), C8, T1
233
what nerve roots make the median nerve?
(C5), C6, C7, C8, T1
234
what nerve roots make up the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
235
what nerve roots make up the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1
236
the lower anterolateral trunk wall (ie below T12 dermatome) is supplied by what nerves?
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
237
what nerve roots make up the genitofemoral nerve?
L1, L2
238
what nerve roots make up the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh nerve?
L2,3
239
what nerve roots make up the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?
S1,2,3
240
what nerve roots make up the obturator nerve?
L2,3,4
241
what nerve roots make up the femoral nerve?
L2,3,4
242
what nerve roots make up the saphenous nerve?
L3,4 (From femoral)
243
what nerve roots make up the sural nerve?
S1,2 (from tibial and common fibular)
244
what nerve roots make up the superficial fibular nerve?
L4,5, S1
245
what nerve roots make up the deep fibular nerve?
L5
246
what nerve roots make up the tibial nerve?
L4,5,S1,2,3
247
what muscles do the cervical plexus (C1-C4) supply?
neck postural and strap muscle
| diaphragm
248
what muscles do the brachial plexus (C5-T1) supply?
muscles of upper limb
| extrinsic back muscles
249
what muscles do T2-L3 supply?
```
postural back muscles (posterior rami)
intercostal muscles (anterior rami)
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
```
250
what muscles do the lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4) supply?
muscels of lower limb
| perineal skeletal muscles
251
what nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?
facial nerve
252
what nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
trigeminal mandibular division
253
what nerve supplies the muscles of the soft palate?
vagus/ pharngeal plexus
254
what nerves supplies the neck postural muscles?
posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
255
what nerve supplies the strap muscles?
C1-C3 cervical plexus
256
what nerve supplies the diaphragm?
C3,4,5 (phrenic nerve)
257
what nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid?
spinal accessory nerve
258
what nerve supplies the trapezius?
spinal accessory nerve
259
what nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
vagus nerve
260
what nerve supplies the muscles of the pharynx?
vagus nerve
261
what nerves supply the intercostal muscles?
intercostal nerves
262
what nerves supply the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?
thoracoabdominal nerves
263
what nerves supply the erector spinae?
posterior rami of spinal nerves
264
what nerves supply the transversospinalis muscles?
posterior rami of spinal nerves
265
what nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?
axillary nerve C5,6
266
what nerve supplies teres minor?
axillary nerve C5,6
267
what nerve supplies the biceps brachii?
musculocutaneous nerve C5,6,7
268
what nerve supplies the brachialis?
musculocutaneous nerve C5,6,7`
269
what nerve supplies the coracobrachialis?
musculocutaneous nerve C5,6,7
270
what nerve supplies the pronator muscle of the forearm? (pronator teres and quadratus)
median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1
271
what nerve supplies the flexor carpi radialis?
median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1
272
what nerve supplies the palmaris longus?
median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1
273
what nerve supplies the flexor digitorum superficialis?
median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1
274
what nerve supplies the lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus?
median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1
275
what nerve supplies the flexor pollicis longus?
median nerve (C5) C6,7,8,T1
276
what nerve supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris?
ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1
277
what nerve supplies the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus?
ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1
278
what nerve supplies the adductor pollicis?
ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1
279
what nerve supplies the thenar muscles? (opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis)
median nerve (C5), C6,7,8,T1
280
what nerve supplies the hypothenar muscles?
ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1
281
what nerve supplies the lateral lumbricals?
median nerve (C5), C6,7,8, T1
282
what nerve supplies the medial lumbricals?
ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1
283
what nerve supplies the interossei muscles of the hand?
ulnar nerve (C7), C8, T1
284
what nerve supplies the triceps brachii?
radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)
285
what nerve supplies the brachioradialis?
radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)
286
what nerve supplies the supinator?
radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)
287
what nerve supplies the extensors of the carpus and digits?
radial nerve (C5) C6,7,8, (T1)
288
what nerve supplies the abductor pollicis longus?
radial nerve (C5), C6,7,8 (T1)
289
what nerve supplies the quadriceps femoris?
femoral nerve L2,3,4
290
what nerve supplies the sartorius?
femoral nerve L2,3,4
291
what nerve supplies the pectineus?
femoral nerve L2,3,4
292
what nerve supplies the adductors of the thigh?
obturator nerve L2,3,4
293
what nerve supplies the hamstrings?
tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4,5, S1,2,3)
294
what nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior comparment of the leg?
tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4,5, S1,2,3)
295
what nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot?
tibial part of sciatic nerve
296
what nerve supplies the short head of biceps femoris?
common fibular part of sciatic nerve (L4,5, S1,2)
297
what nerve supplies the muscles of the lateral comparment of the leg?
superficial fibular of common fibular (L4,5, S1,2)
298
what nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular branch of common fibular (L4,5, S1,2)
299
what nerve supplies the muscles of the dorsum of the foot? (extensor digitorum brevs and extensor halucis brevis)
deep fibular branch of common fibular (L4,5, S1,2)
300
how do you test myotome C5?
abduction (deltoid)
301
abduction of the shoulder tests which myotome?
C5
302
adduction of the shoulder tests which myotome?
C7
303
flexion of the wrist tests which myotome?
C6/7
304
extension of the wrist tests which myotome?
C7/8
305
flexion of the elbow tests which myotome?
C5/6
306
extension of the elbow tests which myotome?
C7/8
307
pronation of the elbow tests which myotome?
C6
308
supination of the elbow tests which myotome?
C8
309
flexion of the fingers test which myotome?
C8
310
extension of the fingers test which myotome?
C7
311
adduction of the fingers test which myotome?
T1
312
abduction of the fingers test which myotome?
T1
313
flexion of the hip joint tests which myotome?
L2,3
314
extension of the hip joint tests which myotome?
L5, S1
315
flexion of the knee joint tests which myotome?
L5, S1
316
extension of the knee joint tests which myotome?
L3,4
317
dorsiflexion tests which myotome?
L4,5
318
plantar flexion tests which myotome?
S1,2
319
inversion of the ankle joint tests which myotome?
L4
320
eversion of the ankle joint tests which myotome?
L5,S1
321
what nerve root is tested by the ankle jerk?
S1
322
what nerve root is tested by the knee jerk?
L4
323
what nerve root is tested by the triceps reflex?
C7
324
what nerve root is tested by the biceps brachii?
C5 (6)
325
what nerve root is tested by brachioradialis?
C6
326
which is the only cranial nerve to leave the brain posteriorly?
CN IV
327
from what nucleus in the midbrain does the oculumotor nerve originate from?
superior colliculus
328
from what nucleus in the midbrain does the trochlear nerve originate from?
inferior colliculus
329
which for cranial nerves emerge very close to the midline of the brainstem?
III, IV, VI, XII
330
where does the spinal accessory nerve arise from?
cervical spinal cord
331
what muscles does the trigeminal nerve supply?
muscles of mastication
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
332
what four nuclei are associated with the trigeminal nerve? (describe function)
mesencephalic nucleus (chewing proprioception)
pontine trigeminal nucleus (discriminative touch)
spinal nucleus (pain, temp)
motor nucleus
333
what muscles does the facial nerve supply?
muscles of facial expression
| stapedius
334
what muscles does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?
stylopharyngeus
335
what 3 nuclei are associated with the facial nerve? (describe function)
- motor nuleus
- superior salivatory (parasympathetic)
- solitary nucleus (taste)
336
what 4 nuclei are associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve? (describe function)
- solitary nucleus (taste)
- commissural nucleus (visceral)
- inferior salivatory nucleus (parasympathetic)
- nucleus ambiguus (stylophayryngeus)
337
what 4 nuclei are associated with the vagus nerve? (describe function)
- solitary nucleus (taste)
- commissural nucleus (visceral)
- dorsal motor nucleus (parasympathetic)
- nucleus ambiguus (stylopharyngeus)
338
what cranial nerves come out from the diencephalon?
CN II
339
what cranial nerves come out from the midbrain?
CN III, IV
340
what cranial nerves come out from the pons?
CN V
341
what cranial nerves come out from the pontomedullary junction?
CN VI, VII, VIII
342
what cranial nerves come out from the medulla olongata?
CN IX, X, XII
343
what is the cranial foramen of the olfactory nerve?
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
| -anterior cranial fossa
344
what are the 5 ways of testing CN II?
- visual acuity
- colour testing
- visual fields
- pupillary light reflex
- fundoscopy
345
what is the cranial foramen of the CN II?
optic canal
346
what is the cranial foramen of the CN III?
superior orbital fissure
347
how do you test CN III?
- H test
| - pupillary light reflex
348
what is the cranial foramen of the CN IV?
superior orbital fissure
349
how do you test CN IV?
-H test (abduction)
350
what is the intracranial pathway of CN III, CN IV and CN VI?
III and IV travels towards orbit in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
VI travles towards orbit wihtin the cavernous sinus
351
what is the cranial foramen of the CN VI?
superior orbital fissure
352
how do you test CN VI?
-H test (down and in)
353
what is the cranial foramen for CN VIII?
internal acoustic meatus in posterior cranial fossa
354
how do you test CN VIII?
rinne and webers test
355
what is the cranial foramen of CN XI?
jugular foramen
356
how do you test CN XI?
shrug shoulders
| turn head to flex neck
357
what is the cranial foramen of CN XII?
hypoglossal canal in posterior cranial fossa
358
describe the extrancranial course of CN XII in relation to carotid sheath?
descends lateral to carotid sheath
359
how do you test CN XII?
stick tongue straight out
360
what is the cranial foramen of CN V?
V1- superior orbital fissure
V2- foramen rotundum
V3- foramen ovale
361
what nerve supplies the sensation of the paranasal sinuses?
all CN V1 except maxillary sinus which is CN V2
362
what are the 4 muscles of mastication? (and give function)
```
jaw closing:
-masseter
-temporalis
-medial pterygoid
jaw opening:
-laterl pterygoid
```
363
how do you test CN V?
brush skin in each dermatome, compare both sides
palpate contraction strength of masseter and temporalis
ask patient to open jaw against resistance
364
what is the cranial foramen of CN VII?
internal acoustic meatus
365
at what foramen does CN VII leave the skull?
stylomastoid foramen
366
what canal connects the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen?
facial canal in the petrous temporal bone
367
what is the function of the tensor tympani?
dampens noise produced by chewing
368
what are the 4 muscles of facial expression?
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
elevators of lips
orbicularis oris
369
how do you test CN VII?
ask patient to raise eyebrows
close eyes tightly
smile
puff out cheeks
370
what is the cranial foramen of CN IX?
jugular foramen
371
what papillae have special taste function?
vallate papillae
372
what nerve supplies visceral afferents to the carotid sinus and body?
glossopharyngeal nerve
373
how do you test CN IX?
gag reflex
374
what is the cranial foramen of CN X?
jugular foramen
375
describe the extrancranial course of CN X in relation to carotid sheath?
descends within the carotid sheath
376
what does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve curve under?
the arch of the aorta
377
what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve curve under?
right subclavian artery
378
where does the vagus parasympathetic supply end?
splenix flexure of the colon
379
how do you test CN X?
ask patient to say 'ahh'
ask patient to swallow
listen to speech
380
what is the thinnest part of the skull?
the pterion
381
what artery lies underneath the pteroid?
the middle meningeal artery
382
what give rise to the pain of meningitis?
stretching of the dura mater
383
why does the tentorium cereblli have a central gap?
to allow the brainstem to pass through
384
what is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater which sits over the pituitary fossa?
diaphragm sellae
385
what vein is part of the danger triangle of the face?
facial vein
386
what sinus runs superiorly on each side of the falx cerebri?
superior sagittal sinus
387
where is the confluence of cranial sinueses?
at the internal occipital protruberance (deep to external occipital protruberance)
388
describe the course of the vertebral arteries?
arise from subclavian arteries and ascend through the transverse forminae of cervical vertebrae
enters foramen magnum and joins the basilar artery
389
in which space is the circle of willis?
subarachnoid space
390
what is the term for increased CSF volume?
hydrocephalus
391
what is the symptomatic treatment of hydorcephalus?
ventricular peritoneal shunt
392
where is the bleed in an extradural haemorrhage?
between dura and bone
393
what blood vessel is most likely torn in an extradural haemorrhage?
middle meningeal artery
394
what is the most likely cause of an extradural haemorrhage?
trauma to pterion
395
where is the bleed in a subdural haemorrhage?
between dura and arachnoid (created a gap)
396
what blood vessel is most likely torn in a subdural haemorrhage?
cerebral veins
397
what is the most likely cause of a subdural haemorrhage?
falls in the elderly
398
where is the bleed in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
into CSF of subarachnoid space
399
what blood vessel is most likely torn in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
ruptured circle of willis
400
what ligaments are passed through during epidural anaesthesia or lumbar puncture?
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
401
what can damage to the extradural venous plexus of the spinal cord result in?
epidural haematoma
402
what is the most lateral cranial nerve?
CN VIII
