Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Duodenal ulcer perforates which artery affected?

A

Gastroduodenal

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2
Q

What part of the pancreas is most commonly affected by cancer?

A

Head of pancreas

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3
Q

What is the true obstetric conjugate?

A

We can’t measure it so instead we palpate the diagonal one instead.

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4
Q

What is the smallest part of the pelvic canal where the baby must go through?

A

The interspinous distance in the mid pelvis. Typically exceeds 12cm

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5
Q

Pelvic inlet ?

A

Obstetric or Diagonal conjugate

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6
Q

Where do rectal cancers metastasise?

A

Below the pectinate line so Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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7
Q

Where do you do a pudendal block?

A

Palpate the ischial spine and below that

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8
Q

BPH is the result of enlargement of which lobe?

A

Median lobe

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9
Q

What is the ligament between the uterine tube and the ovaries

A

mesosalpinx

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10
Q

Can you cut the Ligament of ovary or the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

The Ligament of the ovary - connects it to the uterus. the suspensory ligament contains blood vessels from the posterior abdominal wall

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11
Q

What provides the passive support of the uterus? And the active support?

A

Passive - Cardinal Ligament

Active -

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12
Q

Testicular cancer drains to ______ nodes

A

para-aortic nodes

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13
Q

Cavernous spongiosum contains the urethra - T/F?

A

T

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14
Q

Bitemporal heminopia from ______ tumour….

A

Pituitary tumour

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15
Q

Fracture of the Clavicle are most likely to occur ______

A

middle third

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16
Q

The proximal humerous fractures posteriorly to the surgical neck - this can damage _______

A

the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery

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17
Q

If the coracoclavicular joint is damaged, the clavicle moves ____

A

upwards

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18
Q

Antero-inferior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint can damage which nerve?

A

________ Axillary nerve

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19
Q

Damage to the axillary nerve can lead to paralysis of _____ and _____. And loss of sensation at _____

A

Paralysis of Teres minor and Deltoid muscle. And loss of sensation at patch of shoulder.

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20
Q

What nerve and artery pass through the quadrangular space?

A

Axillary nerve and Posterior circumflex artery

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21
Q

What are the border’s of the quadrangular space?

A

Teres major - superior border
Teres minor - inferior border
medially - the long head of the triceps
Laterally - the surgical neck of the humerus

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22
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Infraspinatus and Teres Minor

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23
Q

The two most superficial muscles of the shoulder are the ____ and ____

A

trapezoid and the deltoid

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24
Q

The Trapezius has two points of origin - C1-C7 and T1-T12. The superior origin attaches to the vertebral column through the ______-

A

ligamentum nuchae

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25
Q

Trapezius muscle functions to ___ , _____ and _____

A

elevate the shoulders (shrug), rotate scapula and extend to reach superiorly

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26
Q

The Trapezius is innervated by the ____

A

Accessory nerve

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27
Q

The deltoid acts to abduct the arm beyond ______

A

the initial 15 degrees of the supraspinatus

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28
Q

The Levator Scapulae (deep to the trapezius ) acts to elevate the scapula. It is innervated by ______

A

Dorsal Scapular nerve

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29
Q

The Rhomboid Minor/Major are innervated by which nerve?

A

Dorsal Scapular nerve

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30
Q

Damage to the Dorsal Scapular (C4/C5) nerve leads to ______

A

Winged scapula

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31
Q

The supraspinatus initiates ______

A

abduction to 15 degrees

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32
Q

The infraspinatus laterally rotates the ________

A

Humerus

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33
Q

The infraspinatus and spuraspinatus are both innervated by _______

A

Suprascapular nerve

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34
Q

The Teres minor acts to ________

A

Laterally rotate the humerus

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35
Q

The teres Major acts to medially rotate and ________ the humerus

A

Extend the humerus

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36
Q

The teres Major is supplied by the ________

A

Scapular nerve

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37
Q

The long head of the triceps brachii originates from the infraglenoid tubercle and inserts into the ______

A

Olecranon

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38
Q

The Suprascapular foramen is formed by the suprascapular notch and the superior transverse scapular ligament - which nerve passes through this space?

A

Suprascapular nerve

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39
Q

The Triangular interval acts as a passageway between the anterior and posterior compartment of the arm. Which artery and nerve pass through it?

A

The Radial nerve and Profunda brachii artery

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40
Q

What are the borders of the triangular interval?

A

Superiorly the teres minor,
laterally the long head of triceps
medially either the humerus or lateral head of triceps (controversial)

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41
Q

If there is sensory loss over the anterior thigh which nerve root is compressed?

A

L3

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42
Q

If there is sensory loss on the anterior aspect of knee which nerve root is compressed?

A

L4

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43
Q

if there is sensory loss of dorsum of foot which nerve root is compressed?

A

L5

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44
Q

If there is sensory loss of posterolateral aspect of leg and lateral aspect of foot which nerve root is compressed?

A

S1

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45
Q

Sensory innervation to the lateral part of the forearm is by _________ nerve

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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46
Q

The musculocutaneous nerve is responsible for __________ and ______

A

Elbow flexion and supination

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47
Q

Shoulder abduction (deltoid muscle) is supplied by ______

A

Axillary nerve

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48
Q

Humeral midshaft fracture can damage ______ nerve

A

Radial

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49
Q

Radial nerve palsy results in …

A

Wrist drop

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50
Q

Paralysis of thenar muscles and opponens pollicis is due to damage to ______ nerve

A

median

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51
Q

Loss of pronation of the forearm and weak wrist flexion is due to damage to ______ nerve

A

Median

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52
Q

Medial epicondyle fracture can damage _____ nerve

A

Ulnar nerve

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53
Q

Damage to the ulnar nerve can lead to _____ hand

A

Claw hand

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54
Q

Damage to this nerve results in winged scapula

A

Long thoracic nerve.

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55
Q

This nerve is injured during sport e.g. following a blow to the ribs. Also possible complication of mastectomy

A

Long thoracic nerve

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56
Q

Which nerve supplied the Serratus Anterior

A

Long Thoracic nerve

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57
Q

Erb-Duchenne palsy (Waiter’s tip) is due to damage to ________ trunk of the brachial plexus (C_, C_)

A

Damage to upper trunk of the brachial plexus (C5, C6)

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58
Q

Which palsy? Arm hangs by the side and is internally rotated with elbow extended

A

Erb Duchenne Palsy

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59
Q

Klumpke injury is damage to the ______ trunk of the brachial plexus (C_, T_)

A

Lower trunk of the brachial plexus (C8, T1)

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60
Q

Klumple Injury is commonly associated with ____ syndrome

A

Horner syndrome

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61
Q

What are the two common nerve injuries associated with Shoulder dystocia?

A

Klumpke injury and Erb-Duchenne Palsy

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62
Q

The LOAF muscles are affected by Carpel tunnel syndrome (Median nerve palsy) - what are they?

A

Lateral two lumbricals
Opponens pollis
Abductor pollis brevis
Flexor Pollis brevis

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63
Q

What passes through the triangular interval?

A

The radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

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64
Q

Quadrangular space syndrome occurs when hypertrophy of the muscle edges of the space impenge on the _____ nerve and lead to weakness of ___ muscle and atrophy of the _______ muscles

A

Axillary nerve –> weakness of deltoid muscle and atrophy of the teres minor muscle.

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65
Q

Winged scapula happens due to damage to the _______ nerve

A

Long thoracic nerve

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66
Q

Forearm is flexed by the ______ nerve as it supplies the_________ muscle

A

Musculocutaneous nerve supplies the biceps brachii muscle

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67
Q

Which nerve pierces and innervates the coracobrachialis muscle?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve

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68
Q

The axillary artery is divided into three parts by the Pec minor. The first part has one branch which is _____

A

Superior thoracic artery

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69
Q

The lateral thoracic and thoraco-acromal artery arise as branches from the _____part of the axillary artery and supply the ______

A

Second part - and supply the breast

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70
Q

The typical site for venous access is the ___________ of the anatomical snuffbox or the antecubital veins the _______

A

Cephalic vein in the snuffbox or the antecubital veins in the cubital fossa

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71
Q

A rapid decelleration injury can damage the upper thoracic region and cause fracture of the first rib –> this may compromise blood supply to the distal part of the ______ or the first part of the _____. However due to anastamosis the arm is rarely ischaemic.

A

Distal subclavian artery or first part of the axillary artery

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72
Q

Anterior dislocation of the humeral head may compromise _________ artery resulting in vessel occlusion. ________ may also be damaged.

A

Axillary artery and brachial plexus may also be damaged.

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73
Q

The Dorsal scapular nerve arises from the ____ root and pierces the ______ muscle to innervate the rhomboid major/minor

A

C5 root and pierces the scalene muscle to innervate the rhomboid major/minor

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74
Q

The long thoracic nerve originates from C_ to C_ and passes vertically down the neck of the humerus to supply the _______

A

C5 to C7 and supplies the Serratus anterior

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75
Q

The radial nerve innervates all muscles of the ________ compartment of the arm and forearm

A

Posterior

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76
Q

The biceps brachii reflex tests nerve root C_ and _____ nerve

A

C6 and musculocutaenous nerve

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77
Q

The three insertions of the triceps form the tendon and insert into the _____

A

Olecranon

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78
Q

Biceps brachii test for reflex __

A

C7

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79
Q

Shaft of the humerus fracture leads to damage to _____ nerve and may cause ___

A

Damage to Radial nerve and may cause wrist drop

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80
Q

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus can damage which artery?

A

Brachial artery

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81
Q

Increased pressure in the anterior compartment of the forearm can damage the brachial artery and prevent blood flow tot he deep flexors. This can cause muscle scarring and lead to _________ with flexion deformity of wrists ad fingers

A

Volkmann’s contracture

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82
Q

The snuffbox is crossed by which artery?

A

Radial artery

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83
Q

Small muscles of the hand are supplied by __ root

A

T1

84
Q

Ulnar nerve palsy results in _____

A

Claw hand

85
Q

With an Ulnar nerve lesion the thumb is unable to _____ and hence you get ______ signs – failure to do the paper grasping test

A

The thumb is unable to adduct and hence you get Froment’s sign

86
Q

The neck of the femur is mainly supplied by the ______ artery

A

Medial circumflex artery

87
Q

In cerebral disease there is an _____ drift and there is slow ____ of the wrist and elbow

A

Upward drift and slow pronation of the wrist and elbow

88
Q

A downward drift of the arms may indicate ____ weakness

A

UMN weakness

89
Q

A drift with “searching movements” is generally because of loss of _____-

A

Proprioception

90
Q

5 causes of fasciculation’s?

A
Motor neuron disease
Motor root compression
Peripheral neuropathy
Primary myopathy
Thyrotoxicosis
91
Q

Shoulder abduction is done by ____ and ____ muscle with nerve roots (____ and ___ )

A

Deltoid and supraspinatus muscles. Nerve roots C5 and C6

92
Q

Shoulder adduction is done by ____ and ____ muscle with nerve roots (____ and ___ )

A

Pectoral major and latissmus dorsi. Nerve roots C6, C7, C8

93
Q

Elbow flexion is done by ____ and ____ muscle with nerve roots (____ and ___ )

A

Biceps and brachialis. Nerve roots C5, C6

94
Q

Elbow extension is done by _______muscle with nerve roots (____ and ___ )

A

Triceps brachii - C7, C8

95
Q

Wrist flexion is done by ____ and ____ muscle with nerve roots (____ and ___ )

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis - C6, C7

96
Q

Wrist extension is done by extensor group muscles with nerve roots (____ and ___ )

A

nerve root C7 C8

97
Q

Abduction of fingers is tested by ______ ____ - nerve roots

A

Abduction of fingers - Dorsal Interossei - C8, T1

98
Q

Adduction of fingers is tested by ______ ____ - nerve roots

A

Adduction - Volar Interossei - C8 T1

99
Q

Brachioradialis Jerk tests - nerve root

A

C5, C6

100
Q

The radial nerve is innervated by nerve roots C_ to C_

A

C5 to C8

101
Q

Test for radial nerve sensation over ____

A

Anatomical snuffbox

102
Q

Median nerve is innervated by nerve roots C_ to T1

A

C6 to T1

103
Q

The pen touching test may help determine weakness of ______ which occurs in ____ compression

A

Adductor Pollicus Brevis in ulnar nerve compression - frogment’s sign

104
Q

A median nerve lesion in the cubittal fossa can be demonstrated by _______ test

A

Oschner clasping test

105
Q

Oschner clasping test is done to test for median nerve and it can indicate loss of ______ which muscle?

A

Flexor digitorum Sublimis

106
Q

The palm is or not spared in the median nerve lesions in carpel tunnel syndrome?

A

Spared!

107
Q

Do more distal/proximal nerve lesions of the ulnar nerve cause greater deformity (claw hand)?

A

Distal causes greater claw hand! Paradoxical!

108
Q

The upper trunk of the brachial plexus supplies muscles in the _____

A

Shoulder!

109
Q

The middle trunk of the brachial plexus supplies muscles in the ____ and _____

A

Triceps and some forearm!

110
Q

The lower trunk of brachial plexus supplies muscles in ______ and ____

A

Hands and some forearm!

111
Q

The Lateral cord leads to formation of _______________ and ________

A

Musculocutanous nerve and median nerve

112
Q

The medial cord leads to formation of ____ and ___-

A

Median nerve and ulnar nerve

113
Q

The posterior cord leads to formation of ______ and ____

A

Axillary and radial.

114
Q

5 Clinical features of cervical rib syndrome?

A
Weakness and wasting of the small muscles of the hand (claw hand)
C8 and T1 sensory loss
Unequal radial pulses and BP
Subclavian bruits on arm manoevering
Palpable cervical rib in the neck
115
Q

The pelvis is made up of which three bones?

A

Ischium, Ilium and pubis

116
Q

The neck of the femur is mainly supplied by which artery? and where does this artery come off from?

A

Supplied by the medial circumflex artery which comes off the external iliac

117
Q

__________ fractures of the femur are most likely to lead to avascular necrosis

A

Intracapsular

118
Q

The greater sciatic foramen is divided by the ______

A

piriformis

119
Q

External and lateral rotation of the hip is done by _____

A

gluteal maximus

120
Q

The inferior gluteal nerve (S1,S2) supplies _____ muscle

A

Gluteal maximus

121
Q

The piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli and quadratus femoris all act as ______ of the thigh

A

Lateral rotators of the thigh

122
Q

The superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) supplies ______ muscle

A

Gluteal minimus and gluteal medius

123
Q

Above the piriformis ( in the greater sciatic foramen) runs the _______ artery and ____ nerve

A

Superior gluteal artery and nerve

124
Q
The:
Inferior gluteal vessels and nerves
The internal pudenal vessels and nerve
and sciatic nerve run
\_\_\_\_\_ the piriformis in the greater sciatic foramen
A

Below the piriformis

125
Q

The obturator artery, obturator vein and obturator nerve run through _____ canal

A

Obturator

126
Q

The three borders of the femoral triangle are:

A
  1. Inguinal ligament
  2. Sartorius
  3. Adductor longus
127
Q

The inguinal line is from the _____ to the ASIS

A

Pubic symphysis to ASIS

128
Q

The inguinal ligament is from the ASIS to ______

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle

129
Q

Which is more lateral - the femoral nerve or artery?

A

Nerve

130
Q

Match the femoral artery and femoral nerve to their respective locations:

  • Midpoint of inguinal ligament
  • Mid-inguinal point (Mid point of inguinal line)
A
  • Midpoint of inguinal ligament: femoral nerve

- Midpoint of inguinal line: Femoral artery

131
Q

The adductor canal is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle of the thigh extending from the _________ to the opening of the ___________

A

The adductor canal is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle of the thigh extending from the femoral triangle to the opening of the adductor magnus

132
Q

The adductor canal contains…

A

Femoral artery and femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vastus medialis

133
Q

Which artery supplies the thigh/femur?

A

Profundii femoris artery

134
Q

The hamistrings are which four muscles?

A

Biceps femoris (long and short head (not often considered), semimebranous and semitendonous

135
Q

The hamstrings are innervated by division of which nerve?

A

Sciatic nerve

136
Q

The four adductors of the thigh are:

A

The pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor gracilis

137
Q

The adductors of the thigh (The pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor gracilis) are innervated by _____ nerve

A

obturator nerve

138
Q

The pelvis is made up of which three bones?

A

Ischium, Ilium and pubis

139
Q

The neck of the femur is mainly supplied by which artery? and where does this artery come off from?

A

Supplied by the medial circumflex artery which comes off the external iliac

140
Q

__________ fractures of the femur are most likely to lead to avascular necrosis

A

Intracapsular

141
Q

The greater sciatic foramen is divided by the ______

A

piriformis

142
Q

External and lateral rotation of the hip is done by _____

A

gluteal maximus

143
Q

The inferior gluteal nerve (S1,S2) supplies _____ muscle

A

Gluteal maximus

144
Q

The piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli and quadratus femoris all act as ______ of the thigh

A

Lateral rotators of the thigh

145
Q

The superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) supplies ______ muscle

A

Gluteal minimus and gluteal medius

146
Q

Above the piriformis ( in the greater sciatic foramen) runs the _______ artery and ____ nerve

A

Superior gluteal artery and nerve

147
Q
The:
Inferior gluteal vessels and nerves
The internal pudenal vessels and nerve
and sciatic nerve run
\_\_\_\_\_ the piriformis in the greater sciatic foramen
A

Below the piriformis

148
Q

The obturator artery, obturator vein and obturator nerve run through _____ canal

A

Obturator

149
Q

The three borders of the femoral triangle are:

A
  1. Inguinal ligament
  2. Sartorius
  3. Adductor longus
150
Q

The inguinal line is from the _____ to the ASIS

A

Pubic symphysis to ASIS

151
Q

The inguinal ligament is from the ASIS to ______

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle

152
Q

Which is more lateral - the femoral nerve or artery?

A

Nerve

153
Q

Match the femoral artery and femoral nerve to their respective locations:

  • Midpoint of inguinal ligament
  • Mid-inguinal point (Mid point of inguinal line)
A
  • Midpoint of inguinal ligament: femoral nerve

- Midpoint of inguinal line: Femoral artery

154
Q

The adductor canal is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle of the thigh extending from the _________ to the opening of the ___________

A

The adductor canal is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle of the thigh extending from the femoral triangle to the opening of the adductor magnus

155
Q

The adductor canal contains…

A

Femoral artery and femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vastus medialis

156
Q

Which artery supplies the thigh/femur?

A

Profundii femoris artery

157
Q

The hamistrings are which four muscles?

A

Biceps femoris (long and short head (not often considered), semimebranous and semitendonous

158
Q

The hamstrings are innervated by division of which nerve?

A

Sciatic nerve

159
Q

The four adductors of the thigh are:

A

The pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor gracilis

160
Q

The adductors of the thigh (The pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor gracilis) are innervated by _____ nerve

A

obturator nerve

161
Q

The femoral nerve supplies the anterior thigh and is hence repsonsible for ______ of the knee and ____ of the hip

A

Extension of the knee and flexion of the hip

162
Q

The anterior thigh muscles are iliopsoas, sartorius and the four quadricep muscles which are

A

rectus femoris, (lateral + medial + intermedius) Vastalis

163
Q

The quadriceps are supplied by the _____ division of the femoral nerve

A

Posterior division

164
Q

The muscles of the anterior leg are supplied by _______ nerve and they ____ the foot

A

The common peroneal nerve and they dorsiflex the foot

165
Q

The pulsation of the __________ artery is often palpable between malleoli and lateral to the extensor hallicus longus

A

Anterior tibial artery

166
Q

The fibularis longus and the brevis muscle are supplied by the _________ nerve and they _____ the foot

A

Superficial fibular nerve and they evert the foot

167
Q

The two branches of the common peroneal nerve are:

A

The deep fibular nerve and the superficial fibular nerve

168
Q

The two posterior muscles of the lower leg are the _____ and ____ and they act to ____ the foot

A

gastrocnemius and soleus and they act to plantar flex the foot.

169
Q

The tendons of the gastrocnemius and soleus combine to form the _____ tendon (Achille’s tendon)

A

Calcaneal

170
Q

The ________ artery is the longest division of the _______ artery and can be pulsated between the medial malleolus and the calcaneal tendon

A

Posterior tibial artery - longest division of popliteal artery

171
Q

The most frequent type of clubfoot is talipes equinovarus - a deformity where the foot is …

A

Plantarflexed, supinated (inverted) and adducted

172
Q

The three compartments of the thigh are:

  • Posterior
  • Medial for adductor
  • Anterior.

What are their respective nerve supplies?

A
  • Posterior: sciatic nerve
  • medial: obturator
  • Anterior: Femoral nerve
173
Q

Neck of femoral hernia found _____ to pubic tubercle

A

infrolateral

174
Q

The knee jerk checks which muscle group and reflex?

A

The quads - L3,L4

175
Q

The saphenous nerve extends to supply the skin above the ______

A

Medial malleolus

176
Q

The deep fibular nerve is accompanied by the

A

Anterior tibial artery

177
Q

The tibial nerve is accompanied by the

A

Posterior tibial artery

178
Q

The fibularis longus and brevis are _____ of the foot

A

Exverters

Exverter - extensor digitorum longus

179
Q

Ankle jerk tests which nerve and nerve root?

A

Tibial nerve (extension of sciatic nerve) and nerve root S1

180
Q

Damage to the tibial nerve causes loss of sensation over the

A

Sole of the foot

181
Q

A positive babinski sign is indicative of ____ lesion

A

UMN lesions

182
Q

Knock knee is valgus or varus?

A

VALGA

183
Q

The ______ nerve is around the fibula and is liable to injury

A

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

184
Q

Unhappy triad of _________

A

ACL, MCL and Medial Meniscus

185
Q

Damage to medial or lateral meniscus more common?

A

Medial

186
Q

Injections should go in which region of the buttock to avoid which nerve?

A

In the superolateral region to avoid the sciatic nerve

187
Q

Trendelenburg test - tests for which nerve?

A

The Superior gluteal nerves on the standing limb.

188
Q

Sciatic nerve supplies which muscles?

A

None in the pelvis, posterior thigh and all of leg

189
Q

In vaLgus the distal bone goes _____

A

LATERAL

190
Q

Referred pain from the heart is through which nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve

191
Q

The coronary sinus drains in though the _________ angle of the right atrium

A

Infero-medial

192
Q

Mean Arterial pressure =

A

(1/3 x Pulse Pressure) + Diastolic pressure.

Pulse pressure = Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

193
Q

Digoxin can not be used when which electrolyte disturbance?

A

Hypokalaemia

194
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenoceptors are found where and do what?

A

They are found on smooth muscles and if activated cause vasoconstriction, sphincter constriction and mydriasis (Dilation)

195
Q

Which beta receptor is found in the bronchioles?

A

Beta 2 - if activated causes constriction.

196
Q

Out of the 12 - how many true ribs

A

7

197
Q

In the intercostal space the neurovascular bundle lies close to the underside of the ribs - in what order do the nerve, vein and artery lie?
And hence which is most easily prone to damage?

A

They lie in order:
Nerve, artery and then vein (closest to rib)

Hence nerve is least protected.

198
Q

IVC passes through the diaphragm at which level?

A

T8

199
Q

Oesophagus passes through the diaphragm at which level?

A

T10 - alongside Vagus nerve

200
Q

Aorta passes through the diaphragm at which level?

A

T12

201
Q

The diaphragm is supplied by which nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve

202
Q

Which part of the duodenum is the only part that is mobile with mesentery?

A

First part

203
Q

The sympathetic nerve supply to the midgut is through which nerves?

A

Lesser Splanic nerve

204
Q

The PARAsympathetic nerve supply to the midgut is through which nerves?

A

Posterior Vagal trunk

205
Q

The lumbar and Pelvic Splanic nerves provide the Para/Sympathetic supply to Hind gut. Which corresponds to which?

A

Para - Pelvic Splanic nerve

Symp - Lumbar Splanic nerves