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Respiratory physiology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the joint between the sternum and manubrium

A

manubrial sternum joint, also known as angel of louis. Convex point at rib II

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2
Q

Three bony parts of midline thorax

A

Manubrium, sternum, xiphisternum

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3
Q

Name the ridge at the top of the manubrium

A

Jugular notch

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4
Q

Name the part of the rib where the neuromuscular bundle sits

A

Costal groove

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5
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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6
Q

Name the ligaments in the diaphragm

A

Median arcuate, medial arcuate (left and right), lateral arcuate (left and right)

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7
Q

Name the structure on the left and right sides of the median arcuate ligament that attached part of the diaphragm to LIII vertabrae

A

Left and right crus

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8
Q

Name the connective tissue in the centre of the diaphragm

A

Central tendinous area

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9
Q

What structure passes inferior to the median arcuate ligament

A

The aorta

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10
Q

What structure passes through the central tendinous area

A

The inferior vena cava

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11
Q

What travels with the inferior vena cava

A

The right phrenic nerve

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12
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve pass

A

Pierces anterior to hilum of lungs and then alongside vena cava at T8

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13
Q

Where does the oesophagus pass

A

Through the oesophageal hiatus superior to the median arcuate ligament

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14
Q

What travels with the aorta

A

lymphatic plexus

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply for the respiratory system

A

Vagus nerve from Cranial nerve X

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16
Q

What effect does parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation have

A

Decrease heart rate, decrease CO, constrict bronchioles

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17
Q

Name the somatic supply for respiratory system

A

Intercostal nerves (1-12), phrenic nerves.

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18
Q

Where does the phrenic nerves branch from

A

Cranial nerves 3, 4, 5 (keep you alive)

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19
Q

Sympathetic supply

A

Sympathetic chain T1-L2

20
Q

Name the structure that passes under the medial arcuate ligaments

A

The psoas major muscles

21
Q

Name the structure that passes under the lateral arcuate ligaments

A

The quadrates lamborum muscles

22
Q

Name the three structures that exit the diaphragm and at what spinal level

A

T8 inferior vena cava , T10 oesophagus, T12 Aorta

23
Q

Describe the path of left phrenic nerve

A

From C3, C4, C5, anterior to hila of the lungs, travels along left side of pericardium and pierces diaphragm

24
Q

Describe the path of the right phrenic nerve

A

C3, C4, C5, runs in front of anterior scalene muscles, enters the thorax by passing deep to subclavian vein, anterior to hila of the lungs, travels with IVC through vena cava hiatus at T8

25
Q

Describe the path of the vagus nerve

A

Posterior to hila of lungs

26
Q

What happens if you get right side phrenic nerve damage

A

The right side of the fails to contract (where it moves down increasing thoracic cavity)

27
Q

Name and describe the joint connecting the sternum and the clavicle

A

Sternoclavicular joint; clavicular notches on sternum meet sternum ends of clavicle separated by an articular disc of fibrocartilage

28
Q

Clinical significance of the angle of louis

A

2nd rib, Between T4, T5 vertebrae.
Marks where the aortic arch begins
Where bifurcation of the trachea to left and right main bronchi occurs

29
Q

Describe primary and secondary curvatures of the spine

A

Primary curvatures are anteriorly concave include thoracic curvature and pelvic curvature
Secondary curvatures are anteriorly convex include the cervical and lumbar curvatures

30
Q

Identify key features of the thoracic vertebrae and why it differs from cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

A

Circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes bear facets for ribs (except T11 and T12 where ribs are floating), no transverse foramen

31
Q

Identify features of the ribs including identifying atypical ribs

A

Head of ribs articulates with superior and inferior costal facets on vertebrae. The tubercle articulates with the costal facets of the transverse processes. There is a costal groove running along the inferior edge where the neuromuscular bundle sits. Costal cartilage joins anterior end of ribs.
Ribs 1 and 2 are different shapes with grooves allowing for the subclavian vesssels (1) and tuberosities for muscle attachments (scalene 1 and serrates ant 2). Ribs 11 and 12 are floating and don’t have tuberosities

32
Q

Describe the costosternal and costovertebral joints

A

Costosternal where the cartilage meets the sternum

Costovertebral where the heads and tubercles of the ribs meet the vertebrae and transverse processes of vertebrae

33
Q

Describe the movements of the ribs in respiration

A

The inspiratory muscles which include the diaphragm, the external intercostal, the scalene, and the sternocleidomastoid move the ribs laterally and upwards increasing the diameter of the thorax

34
Q

Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

Superior: Superior thoracic aperture consisting of posteriorly T1 vertebrae, laterally ribs 1, anteriorly manubrium (suprasternal notch).
Inferior: Inferior thoracic aperture consisting posteriorly of vertebrae T12, anteriorly of the cartilage of false ribs (ribs 8-12), inferiorly the diaphragm.

35
Q

Identify the intercostal muscles and fibre directions

A

External, internal, and innermost. Fibres run superior medially, inferior medial, transverse respectively.

36
Q

Identify the relationships of vessels and nerves within the intercostal spaces

A

The neuromuscular bundle sits in the intercostal groove between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle. The order is VAN. Vein superior, artery, then nerve most inferiorly.

37
Q

Describe the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

A potential space in the pleural cavity, the lungs expand into this space during forced inspiration. A pleural effusion collect here when the patient is upright

38
Q

Pneumothorax

A

When air enters the pleural cavity. This causes the pleura to no longer adhere and the lung can collapse.

39
Q

Name the lobes in the right and left lungs

A

Right lung: superior, middle, inferior.

Left lung: Superior, inferior and lingula

40
Q

Name the fissures in the right lung

A

RIGHT
Horizontal (between superior and middle lobes)
Oblique (between middle and inferior lobes)
LEFT
Oblique fissure (between superior and inferior lobe)

41
Q

Name the reflection of pleura that surronds the hilla of the lung

A

Pulmonary ligament

42
Q

Name the divisions of the conducting zone airways in order

A

Trachea, main stem bronchi (left and right), lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

43
Q

Name the divisions of the respiratory zone airways

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

44
Q

Describe the process of a chest drain

A

Insert needle between 9th and 10th ribs closet to the tenth so as to avoid the larger superior neurovascular bundle. Insert into costodiaphragmatic recess.

45
Q

Describe the autonomic innervation of the trachea, bronchi and lungs

A

Nerve supply to the trachea is through the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
The bronchial tree and visceral pleura are innervated by the pulmonary plexus which contains sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic vagus nerve fibre.

Respiratory physiology (15 decks)

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