Anatomy Flashcards
Name the joint between the sternum and manubrium
manubrial sternum joint, also known as angel of louis. Convex point at rib II
Three bony parts of midline thorax
Manubrium, sternum, xiphisternum
Name the ridge at the top of the manubrium
Jugular notch
Name the part of the rib where the neuromuscular bundle sits
Costal groove
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Name the ligaments in the diaphragm
Median arcuate, medial arcuate (left and right), lateral arcuate (left and right)
Name the structure on the left and right sides of the median arcuate ligament that attached part of the diaphragm to LIII vertabrae
Left and right crus
Name the connective tissue in the centre of the diaphragm
Central tendinous area
What structure passes inferior to the median arcuate ligament
The aorta
What structure passes through the central tendinous area
The inferior vena cava
What travels with the inferior vena cava
The right phrenic nerve
Where does the right phrenic nerve pass
Pierces anterior to hilum of lungs and then alongside vena cava at T8
Where does the oesophagus pass
Through the oesophageal hiatus superior to the median arcuate ligament
What travels with the aorta
lymphatic plexus
What is the parasympathetic supply for the respiratory system
Vagus nerve from Cranial nerve X
What effect does parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation have
Decrease heart rate, decrease CO, constrict bronchioles
Name the somatic supply for respiratory system
Intercostal nerves (1-12), phrenic nerves.
Where does the phrenic nerves branch from
Cranial nerves 3, 4, 5 (keep you alive)
Sympathetic supply
Sympathetic chain T1-L2
Name the structure that passes under the medial arcuate ligaments
The psoas major muscles
Name the structure that passes under the lateral arcuate ligaments
The quadrates lamborum muscles
Name the three structures that exit the diaphragm and at what spinal level
T8 inferior vena cava , T10 oesophagus, T12 Aorta
Describe the path of left phrenic nerve
From C3, C4, C5, anterior to hila of the lungs, travels along left side of pericardium and pierces diaphragm
Describe the path of the right phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5, runs in front of anterior scalene muscles, enters the thorax by passing deep to subclavian vein, anterior to hila of the lungs, travels with IVC through vena cava hiatus at T8
Describe the path of the vagus nerve
Posterior to hila of lungs
What happens if you get right side phrenic nerve damage
The right side of the fails to contract (where it moves down increasing thoracic cavity)
Name and describe the joint connecting the sternum and the clavicle
Sternoclavicular joint; clavicular notches on sternum meet sternum ends of clavicle separated by an articular disc of fibrocartilage
Clinical significance of the angle of louis
2nd rib, Between T4, T5 vertebrae.
Marks where the aortic arch begins
Where bifurcation of the trachea to left and right main bronchi occurs
Describe primary and secondary curvatures of the spine
Primary curvatures are anteriorly concave include thoracic curvature and pelvic curvature
Secondary curvatures are anteriorly convex include the cervical and lumbar curvatures
Identify key features of the thoracic vertebrae and why it differs from cervical and lumbar vertebrae.
Circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes bear facets for ribs (except T11 and T12 where ribs are floating), no transverse foramen
Identify features of the ribs including identifying atypical ribs
Head of ribs articulates with superior and inferior costal facets on vertebrae. The tubercle articulates with the costal facets of the transverse processes. There is a costal groove running along the inferior edge where the neuromuscular bundle sits. Costal cartilage joins anterior end of ribs.
Ribs 1 and 2 are different shapes with grooves allowing for the subclavian vesssels (1) and tuberosities for muscle attachments (scalene 1 and serrates ant 2). Ribs 11 and 12 are floating and don’t have tuberosities
Describe the costosternal and costovertebral joints
Costosternal where the cartilage meets the sternum
Costovertebral where the heads and tubercles of the ribs meet the vertebrae and transverse processes of vertebrae
Describe the movements of the ribs in respiration
The inspiratory muscles which include the diaphragm, the external intercostal, the scalene, and the sternocleidomastoid move the ribs laterally and upwards increasing the diameter of the thorax
Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cavity
Superior: Superior thoracic aperture consisting of posteriorly T1 vertebrae, laterally ribs 1, anteriorly manubrium (suprasternal notch).
Inferior: Inferior thoracic aperture consisting posteriorly of vertebrae T12, anteriorly of the cartilage of false ribs (ribs 8-12), inferiorly the diaphragm.
Identify the intercostal muscles and fibre directions
External, internal, and innermost. Fibres run superior medially, inferior medial, transverse respectively.
Identify the relationships of vessels and nerves within the intercostal spaces
The neuromuscular bundle sits in the intercostal groove between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle. The order is VAN. Vein superior, artery, then nerve most inferiorly.
Describe the costodiaphragmatic recess
A potential space in the pleural cavity, the lungs expand into this space during forced inspiration. A pleural effusion collect here when the patient is upright
Pneumothorax
When air enters the pleural cavity. This causes the pleura to no longer adhere and the lung can collapse.
Name the lobes in the right and left lungs
Right lung: superior, middle, inferior.
Left lung: Superior, inferior and lingula
Name the fissures in the right lung
RIGHT
Horizontal (between superior and middle lobes)
Oblique (between middle and inferior lobes)
LEFT
Oblique fissure (between superior and inferior lobe)
Name the reflection of pleura that surronds the hilla of the lung
Pulmonary ligament
Name the divisions of the conducting zone airways in order
Trachea, main stem bronchi (left and right), lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Name the divisions of the respiratory zone airways
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
Describe the process of a chest drain
Insert needle between 9th and 10th ribs closet to the tenth so as to avoid the larger superior neurovascular bundle. Insert into costodiaphragmatic recess.
Describe the autonomic innervation of the trachea, bronchi and lungs
Nerve supply to the trachea is through the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
The bronchial tree and visceral pleura are innervated by the pulmonary plexus which contains sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic vagus nerve fibre.
