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Neurology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

An axial plane

Cuts through the body horizontally

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2
Q

What is an axial plane?

A

A transverse plane

Cuts through the body horizontally

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3
Q

What is a coronal plane?

A

A vertical cut through the body

If you are standing with you back to a wall, the coronal plane is any cut that is parallel to the wall

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4
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

A vertical cut down the midline of the body only

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5
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

A vertical cut down the body, but not down the midline

Perpendicular to coronal

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6
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for superior?

A

Dorsal

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7
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for inferior?

A

Ventral

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8
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for anterior?

A

Rostral (nose end)

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9
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for posterior?

A

Caudal (tail end)

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10
Q

Which part of the spinal cord is dorsal?

A

The back of it, the bit closest to the skin

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11
Q

What do these words mean:

  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • rostral
  • caudal?
A

Dorsal: superior

Ventral: inferior

Rostral: anterior (nose end)

Caudal: posterior (tail end)

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12
Q

What parts make up the CNS?

A 
Brain
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal cord
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13
Q

What main neurotransmitters are used in the CNS?

A

Dopamine

GABA

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14
Q

What parts make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

All other structures that aren’t included in the CNS

  • cranial nerves
  • nerves that go to or come from the peripheries
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15
Q

Are cranial nerves part of CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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16
Q

What main neurotransmitter is used in the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic: conscious control of body

Autonomic: sub-conscious control of body

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18
Q

Two branches of autonomic?

A

Sympathetic: fight, flight

Parasympathetic: rest, digest

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19
Q

What type of nerves are branchial nerves?

A

Motor

Come from brain

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20
Q

What type of nerves are special nerves?

A

Sensory

Come from brain

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21
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there? And how many cervical nerves are there?

A

7 cervical vertebrae

8 cervical nerves

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22
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

A nerve that comes out of the spinal cord

23
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

24
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

25
Q

What is a myotome?

A

An area of muscle supplies by a single spinal nerve

26
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

27
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

28
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

29
Q

How may coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

30
Q

Number the spinal nerves, so:

C?
T?
L?
S?

A

C 1-8

T 1-12

L 1-5

S 1-5

31
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The end of the main spinal cord, before it branches into the cauda equina

32
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Bundle of spinal nerves which arises from the conus medullaris

These nerves spread out sort of like a horses tail (hence name)

33
Q

What do the nerves of the cauda equina supply?

A

Pelvic organs

Lower limbs

34
Q

What is the lumbar enlargement?

A

A widened area of the spinal cord in the lumbar region

This is where the nerves that supply the lower limb leave the spinal cord

35
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

A widened area of the spinal cord in the cervical region

This is where the nerves that supply the upper limb leave the spinal cord

36
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A strand of fibrous tissue that arises from the conus medullaris and goes down to the end of the spine

Provides support for the spine

37
Q

Describe the journey from the outside of meninges of the spinal cord to inside.

A 
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Cord
38
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

From in to out: PAD out

Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane
Dura mater

39
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

In the frontal lobe

In right handed people it is mostly in the dominant (left)hemisphere

In left handed people it is also mostly in the left hemisphere

Sometimes it is in the right hemisphere

40
Q

What is the difference in function of Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

A

Broca’s = speech production

Wernicke’s = speech understanding

41
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

In posterior temporal

42
Q

Describe the journey of a molecule from a cerebral blood vessel to a nerve.

A

Through:

Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Pia mater
Astrocyte foot processes
Nerve
43
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

A one sided spinal cord lesion causing:

Ipsilateral paralysis
- because corticospinal tract has been blocked

Ipsilateral loss of fine touch and proprioception
- because DCML tract has been blocked

Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
- because spinothalamic tract has been blocked

44
Q

In Brown-Sequard syndrome, why is paralysis ipsilateral?

A

Because the corticospinal tract decussates at the medulla

The lesion blocks the tract after it has decussated in the medulla

So paralysis will be on the same side as the lesion

45
Q

In Brown-Sequard syndrome, why is loss of fine touch and proprioception ipsilateral?

A

Because the DCML tract decussates at the medulla

The lesion blocks the tract before it has decussated in the medulla

So sensation from the same side of the body to the lesion is unable to get to the brain

46
Q

In Brown-Sequard syndrome, why is loss of temperature and pain sensation contra-lateral?

A

Because the spinothalamic tract decussates two levels above its entrance to the spinal cord

The lesion blocks the tract after it has decussated

So sensation from the opposite side of the body to the lesion is unable to get to the brain

47
Q

What are epidurals used for?

A

C-sections
Hip + knee replacements
Many more

48
Q

Why are epidurals preferred to a general anaesthetic in many cases?

A

Because with an epidural, the heart, BP and other vital signs are still controlled by the brain whereas in general anaesthesia they are controlled by the anaesthetist

49
Q

What is an epidural? Describe how it works?

A

Anaesthetic is injected into the epidural space

It diffuses and affects the dorsal root ganglion and blocks sensation

50
Q

How come patients who have had an epidural can walk with assistance?

A

Motor control is preserved with an epidural

51
Q

Why is a blunt needle used for an epidural?

A

So that you don’t puncture the dura

52
Q

What happens if you puncture the dura while doing an epidural?

A

Injecting anaesthesia into the subdural space will mean it will go up the spinal cord to the brain and they’ll go into respiratory arrest

53
Q

In a lumbar puncture where do you collect the CSF from?

A

The subdural space

Stick a needle through the dura and collect fluid

Neurology (23 decks)

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