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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

An axial plane

Cuts through the body horizontally

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2
Q

What is an axial plane?

A

A transverse plane

Cuts through the body horizontally

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3
Q

What is a coronal plane?

A

A vertical cut through the body

If you are standing with you back to a wall, the coronal plane is any cut that is parallel to the wall

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4
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

A vertical cut down the midline of the body only

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5
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

A vertical cut down the body, but not down the midline

Perpendicular to coronal

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6
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for superior?

A

Dorsal

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7
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for inferior?

A

Ventral

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8
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for anterior?

A

Rostral (nose end)

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9
Q

In neuroanatomy what is the word for posterior?

A

Caudal (tail end)

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10
Q

Which part of the spinal cord is dorsal?

A

The back of it, the bit closest to the skin

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11
Q

What do these words mean:

  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • rostral
  • caudal?
A

Dorsal: superior

Ventral: inferior

Rostral: anterior (nose end)

Caudal: posterior (tail end)

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12
Q

What parts make up the CNS?

A 
Brain
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal cord
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13
Q

What main neurotransmitters are used in the CNS?

A

Dopamine

GABA

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14
Q

What parts make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

All other structures that aren’t included in the CNS

  • cranial nerves
  • nerves that go to or come from the peripheries
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15
Q

Are cranial nerves part of CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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16
Q

What main neurotransmitter is used in the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic: conscious control of body

Autonomic: sub-conscious control of body

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18
Q

Two branches of autonomic?

A

Sympathetic: fight, flight

Parasympathetic: rest, digest

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19
Q

What type of nerves are branchial nerves?

A

Motor

Come from brain

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20
Q

What type of nerves are special nerves?

A

Sensory

Come from brain

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21
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there? And how many cervical nerves are there?

A

7 cervical vertebrae

8 cervical nerves

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22
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

A nerve that comes out of the spinal cord

23
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

24
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

25
What is a myotome?
An area of muscle supplies by a single spinal nerve
26
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
12 pairs
27
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
5 pairs
28
How many sacral spinal nerves are there?
5 pairs
29
How may coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
1
30
Number the spinal nerves, so: C? T? L? S?
C 1-8 T 1-12 L 1-5 S 1-5
31
What is the conus medullaris?
The end of the main spinal cord, before it branches into the cauda equina
32
What is the cauda equina?
Bundle of spinal nerves which arises from the conus medullaris These nerves spread out sort of like a horses tail (hence name)
33
What do the nerves of the cauda equina supply?
Pelvic organs | Lower limbs
34
What is the lumbar enlargement?
A widened area of the spinal cord in the lumbar region This is where the nerves that supply the lower limb leave the spinal cord
35
What is the cervical enlargement?
A widened area of the spinal cord in the cervical region This is where the nerves that supply the upper limb leave the spinal cord
36
What is the filum terminale?
A strand of fibrous tissue that arises from the conus medullaris and goes down to the end of the spine Provides support for the spine
37
Describe the journey from the outside of meninges of the spinal cord to inside.
``` Epidural space Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid membrane Subarachnoid space Pia mater Cord ```
38
What are the three layers of meninges?
From in to out: PAD out Pia mater Arachnoid membrane Dura mater
39
Where is Broca's area?
In the frontal lobe In right handed people it is mostly in the dominant (left)hemisphere In left handed people it is also mostly in the left hemisphere Sometimes it is in the right hemisphere
40
What is the difference in function of Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Broca's = speech production Wernicke's = speech understanding
41
Where is Wernicke's area?
In posterior temporal
42
Describe the journey of a molecule from a cerebral blood vessel to a nerve.
Through: ``` Capillary endothelium Basement membrane Pia mater Astrocyte foot processes Nerve ```
43
What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?
A one sided spinal cord lesion causing: Ipsilateral paralysis - because corticospinal tract has been blocked Ipsilateral loss of fine touch and proprioception - because DCML tract has been blocked Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation - because spinothalamic tract has been blocked
44
In Brown-Sequard syndrome, why is paralysis ipsilateral?
Because the corticospinal tract decussates at the medulla The lesion blocks the tract after it has decussated in the medulla So paralysis will be on the same side as the lesion
45
In Brown-Sequard syndrome, why is loss of fine touch and proprioception ipsilateral?
Because the DCML tract decussates at the medulla The lesion blocks the tract before it has decussated in the medulla So sensation from the same side of the body to the lesion is unable to get to the brain
46
In Brown-Sequard syndrome, why is loss of temperature and pain sensation contra-lateral?
Because the spinothalamic tract decussates two levels above its entrance to the spinal cord The lesion blocks the tract after it has decussated So sensation from the opposite side of the body to the lesion is unable to get to the brain
47
What are epidurals used for?
C-sections Hip + knee replacements Many more
48
Why are epidurals preferred to a general anaesthetic in many cases?
Because with an epidural, the heart, BP and other vital signs are still controlled by the brain whereas in general anaesthesia they are controlled by the anaesthetist
49
What is an epidural? Describe how it works?
Anaesthetic is injected into the epidural space It diffuses and affects the dorsal root ganglion and blocks sensation
50
How come patients who have had an epidural can walk with assistance?
Motor control is preserved with an epidural
51
Why is a blunt needle used for an epidural?
So that you don't puncture the dura
52
What happens if you puncture the dura while doing an epidural?
Injecting anaesthesia into the subdural space will mean it will go up the spinal cord to the brain and they'll go into respiratory arrest
53
In a lumbar puncture where do you collect the CSF from?
The subdural space | Stick a needle through the dura and collect fluid

Neurology (23 decks)

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