Anatomy

Question 1

What is the blood supply of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Renal artery, direct branch from the abdominal aorta
Divides at hilum into smaller vessels
No collaterals

Question 2

What is the path of the ureter?

Answer 2

1. Renal calyx to ureter
2. Passes posteriors to testicular arterty and vein
3. Passes over pelvic brim at bifurcation of common iliac artery

Question 3

Where are the suprarenal glands located?

Answer 3

Retroperitoneal
Cap anterior pole of kidney
Anterior to crus of diaphragm

Question 4

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney?

Answer 4

Vagus nerve

Question 5

What is the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

Answer 5

Sympathetic chain (T10-L1), part of least splanchnic nerve

Question 6

Where is pain referred to from the kidneys?

Answer 6

T11-L2

Question 7

What is the anatomical position of the kidneys?

Answer 7

1. Right: anterior to 12th rib, posterior to liver, descending duodenum, right colic flexure
2. Left: anterior to 11/12th ribs, posterior to spleen, tail of pancreas, left colic flexure

Retroperitoneal

Question 8

Which nephrons do the concentration of urine?

Answer 8

Juxtamedullary nephrons

More vulnerable to hemodynamic issues

Question 9

Cortical nephrons

Answer 9

Superficial, make up 85%

Question 10

Arcuate arteries

Answer 10

Arteries arising from interlobar arteries, arch over each renal pyramid

Give off interlobular arteries

Question 11

Pertiubular capillary network

Answer 11

Arises from efferent arteriole once it exits Bowmans capsule, important for tubular metabolism and blood flow

Question 12

What ar ether functions of the mesangial cell?

Answer 12

Structural support, collagen mattrix
Phagocytosis of macromolecules
Secretion of cytokines

Question 13

Slit diaphragm

Answer 13

Bits between foot processes, important for good kidney function

1. Mechanical filtration: screen out molecules the size of albumin and larger
2. Electrical filtration: repels positively charged particles

Question 14

What composes the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 14

1. Juxtaglomerular cells (secretory)
2. Macula densa (sense sodium)
3. Mesangial cells