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Year 2 - Endocrinology (DP) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypophysis?

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and pancreas located?

A

Retroperitoneum

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3
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Female pelvis:

- In broad ligament

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4
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Male perineum:

- In scrotum

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5
Q

What forms the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus + Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What does the diencephalon form?

A

Central core of cerebrum

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7
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum (pituitary stalk):

- Both anatomically + functionally

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8
Q

Where does the pituitary fossa lie?

A

In the midline
In pituitary fossa:
- Of sphenoid bone
- Within sella turica (Turkish saddle)

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9
Q

What parts is the retina divided into?

A

Nasal (Medial)

Temporal (Lateral)

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10
Q

Where do the optic canals run?

A

Sphenoid bone

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11
Q

Where do the pituitary glands run in relation to the optic chiasm?

A

Immediately inferior

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12
Q

What forms the optic chiasm?

A

Right and left optic nerves

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13
Q

What passes posteriorly from the optic chiasm? Where do these synapse?

A

Optic tracts:

- Synapse in thalamus

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14
Q

After the thalamus where do the next axons pass via?

A

Optic radiation to visual cortex:

- In occiptal lobe

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15
Q

On what part of the retina does our nasal visual field fall onto?

A

Temporal part

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16
Q

What effect does a pituitary tumour have on the visual pathway?

A

Compresses optic chiasm:

 - Disrupts AP transmission from nasal retina
 - Bitemporal hemianopia
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17
Q

What methods of surgical access to the pituitary fossa exist?

A

Transcranial approach:
- Subfrontal
Trans-sphenoid approach:
- Vias nasal cavities + sphenoid sinus

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18
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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19
Q

What forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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20
Q

What forms the inferior part of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

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21
Q

What forms most of the hard palate?

A

Maxilla

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22
Q

What bone forms the superior and middle nasal conchae?

A

Ethmoid

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23
Q

True or false; The inferior nasal concha is its own bone?

A

True

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24
Q

Where are the following paranasal sinuses located:

  1. Frontal sinuses
  2. Maxillary sinuses
  3. Ethmoidal air cells
  4. Sphenoid sinuses
A
  1. Often connect in midline of frontal bone
  2. One in each maxilla
  3. 3 groups (on each side) between:
    • Nasal cavity AND
    • Orbits
  4. Within body of sphenoid (may join in midline)
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25
Q

What is the alternate name for the maxillary sinuses?

A

Antra

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26
Q

What lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

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27
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A 
Make mucous:
     - Drain into masal cavities via ostia
Reduce weight of skull
Add vocal resonance
(Increase buoyancy in aquatic mammals)
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28
Q

What is adherent to all the internal aspects of the bones of the cranial vault?

A

Dura mater

29
Q

What is the Diaphragm Sellae?

A

Tough sheet of dura mater:

 - Forms roof over pituitary fossa
 - Superior to pituitary gland
30
Q

What is the Tentorium Cerebelli?

A

Tough sheet of dura mater:

 - 'Tents' over cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa
 - Central gap -> Brainstem
31
Q

What drains most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity and brain? Where do they drain to?

A

Dural venous sinuses -> Internal jugular veins at jugular foraminae (floor of posterior cranial fossa)

32
Q

What venous sinuses surround the pituitary gland?

A

Cavernous sinuses
Intercavernous sinuses:
- Anterior + posterior parts
- Connect left + right cavernous sinuses

33
Q

Where do the internal carotid arteries pass through?

A

Cavernous sinuses

34
Q

What happens if CN iii is damaged during pituitary surgery?

A

Problems with eye movements

Dilated pupil

35
Q

Which of the following nerves cannot be damaged in pituitary surgery:

 - Trochlear nerve
 - Trigeminal nerve
 - Adbucent nerve
 - Facial nerve
A

Facial nerve

36
Q

What happens in the dura mater is damaged?

A

CSF leak

37
Q

What does the thyroid consist of?

A

2 lateral lobes:

- Joined by an isthmus

38
Q

What are the lobes of the thyroid connected to?

A

Lateral aspects of:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
Trachea

39
Q

What does the isthmus lie anterior to?

A

2nd + 3rd tracheal cartilages

40
Q

True or false; A goitre will move with swallowing?

A

True

41
Q

What is the approximate size of a parathyroid gland?

A

Rice grain

42
Q

What is a pyramidal thyroid lobe and where does it originate (usually)?

A

Accessory lobe arising from the isthmus:

 - May attach to thyroid cartilage
 - Can extend to hyoid
43
Q

What is the prevalence of a pyramidal lobe?

A

28-55% (Mean is 44.6%)

44
Q

What does the embryological development of the thyroid begin as and where?

A

Midline epithelial proliferation at junction of:

 - Anterior 2/3 of tongue
 - Posterior 1/3 of tongue
45
Q

What does the origin of the thyroid gland become in adults?

A

Foramen caecum

46
Q

What happens after the thyroid develops?

A

Migrates inferiorly

47
Q

As the thyroid migrates, what is it attached to and when does it reach its final position?

A

Tongue:
- Via thyroglossal duct
7th week of gestation

48
Q

What can be found along the migratory path of the thyroid?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts

Ectopic thyroid tissue

49
Q

What muscles lie in the superficial fascia of the neck, what do they control and what is their nerve supply?

A

Platysma muscles:

 - Facial expression
 - Facial nerve
50
Q

What is the investing (deep) fascia deep to and what does it contain?

A 
Deep to superficial fascia
Contains:
     - All other neck fascial compartments
     - Trapezius
     - Sternocleidomastoid
51
Q

What is the prevertebral fascia deep to and what does it contain?

A 
Deep to investing fascia:
     - Anteriorly
Contains:
     - Cervical vertebrae
     - Postural neck muscles
52
Q

What is the pretracheal fascia deep to and what does it contain?

A 
Deep to investing fascia:
     - Anteriorly
Contains:
     - Strap muscles
     - Thyroid
     - Trachea and oesophagus
     - Recurrent laryngeal nerves
53
Q

How can infection spread between the prevertebral and pretracheal fasciae?

A

Via the retropharyngeal space

54
Q

What are the carotid sheaths deep to and what do they contain?

A 
Deep to investing fascis:
     - Anterolaterally -> Either side of thyroid
Contain:
     - Internal jugular veins
     - Carotid arteries
     - Vagus nerves
     - Deep cervical LNs
55
Q

What do the carotid sheaths attach to?

A

Superiorly:
- Base of skull (around jugular foramen)
Inferiorly:
- Blend with mediastinal fascia

56
Q

What are the origins and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A 
Origins:
     - Sternal head -> manubrium
     - Clavicular head -> Medial end of clavicle
Insertion:
     - Mastoid process of temporal bone
57
Q

What does the descending part of the trapezius attach to?

A

Inferiorly:

 - Spine of scapula
 - Lateral end of clavicle
58
Q

What nerve supplies the motor aspects SCD and trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

59
Q

What does the anterior jugular vein drain into?

A

External jugular vein

60
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid (and parathyroids) and where do they arise?

A 
Superior thyroid arteries:
     - One right + one left
     - From external carotid arteries
Inferior thyroid arteries:
     - One right + one left
     - From subclavian arteries
61
Q

What drains the thyroid gland and where do they drain?

A 
Superior + middle thyroid veins:
     - One on each side
     - Drain to internal jugular veins
Inferior thyroid vein:
     - Drain into brachiocephalic veins
62
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior + inferior deep cervical nodes

Also a pretracheal node + some paratracheal nodes

63
Q

What somatic branches of the vagus nerve supply the larnyx?

A

Superior laryngeal nreve

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

64
Q

What is the path of the right vagus nerve through the chest?

A

Along right lateral trachea
Posterior to right lung root
Onto oesophagus

65
Q

What is the path of the left vagus nerve through the chest?

A

Left side of aortic arch:
- Gives off left recurrent laryngeal
Posterior to left lung root
Onto oesophagus

66
Q

What incision is made for a thyroidectomy?

A

Collar incision along Langer’s lines:

 - Superior to clavicles + jugular notch
 - Through skin + platysma muscles
67
Q

What are the symptoms of a unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?

A

Hoarse/Weak voice

Weak cough

68
Q

What are the symptoms of a bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?

A

Aphonia
Inability to close rima glottidis:
- Aspiration
- Poor coughin

Year 2 - Endocrinology (DP) (15 decks)

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