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Year 2 - Endocrinology (DP) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypophysis?

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and pancreas located?

A

Retroperitoneum

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3
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Female pelvis:

- In broad ligament

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4
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Male perineum:

- In scrotum

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5
Q

What forms the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus + Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What does the diencephalon form?

A

Central core of cerebrum

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7
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum (pituitary stalk):

- Both anatomically + functionally

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8
Q

Where does the pituitary fossa lie?

A

In the midline
In pituitary fossa:
- Of sphenoid bone
- Within sella turica (Turkish saddle)

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9
Q

What parts is the retina divided into?

A

Nasal (Medial)

Temporal (Lateral)

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10
Q

Where do the optic canals run?

A

Sphenoid bone

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11
Q

Where do the pituitary glands run in relation to the optic chiasm?

A

Immediately inferior

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12
Q

What forms the optic chiasm?

A

Right and left optic nerves

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13
Q

What passes posteriorly from the optic chiasm? Where do these synapse?

A

Optic tracts:

- Synapse in thalamus

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14
Q

After the thalamus where do the next axons pass via?

A

Optic radiation to visual cortex:

- In occiptal lobe

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15
Q

On what part of the retina does our nasal visual field fall onto?

A

Temporal part

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16
Q

What effect does a pituitary tumour have on the visual pathway?

A

Compresses optic chiasm:

 - Disrupts AP transmission from nasal retina
 - Bitemporal hemianopia
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17
Q

What methods of surgical access to the pituitary fossa exist?

A

Transcranial approach:
- Subfrontal
Trans-sphenoid approach:
- Vias nasal cavities + sphenoid sinus

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18
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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19
Q

What forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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20
Q

What forms the inferior part of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

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21
Q

What forms most of the hard palate?

A

Maxilla

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22
Q

What bone forms the superior and middle nasal conchae?

A

Ethmoid

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23
Q

True or false; The inferior nasal concha is its own bone?

A

True

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24
Q

Where are the following paranasal sinuses located:

  1. Frontal sinuses
  2. Maxillary sinuses
  3. Ethmoidal air cells
  4. Sphenoid sinuses
A
  1. Often connect in midline of frontal bone
  2. One in each maxilla
  3. 3 groups (on each side) between:
    • Nasal cavity AND
    • Orbits
  4. Within body of sphenoid (may join in midline)
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25
What is the alternate name for the maxillary sinuses?
Antra
26
What lines the paranasal sinuses?
Mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa
27
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
``` Make mucous: - Drain into masal cavities via ostia Reduce weight of skull Add vocal resonance (Increase buoyancy in aquatic mammals) ```
28
What is adherent to all the internal aspects of the bones of the cranial vault?
Dura mater
29
What is the Diaphragm Sellae?
Tough sheet of dura mater: - Forms roof over pituitary fossa - Superior to pituitary gland
30
What is the Tentorium Cerebelli?
Tough sheet of dura mater: - 'Tents' over cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa - Central gap -> Brainstem
31
What drains most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity and brain? Where do they drain to?
Dural venous sinuses -> Internal jugular veins at jugular foraminae (floor of posterior cranial fossa)
32
What venous sinuses surround the pituitary gland?
Cavernous sinuses Intercavernous sinuses: - Anterior + posterior parts - Connect left + right cavernous sinuses
33
Where do the internal carotid arteries pass through?
Cavernous sinuses
34
What happens if CN iii is damaged during pituitary surgery?
Problems with eye movements | Dilated pupil
35
Which of the following nerves cannot be damaged in pituitary surgery: - Trochlear nerve - Trigeminal nerve - Adbucent nerve - Facial nerve
Facial nerve
36
What happens in the dura mater is damaged?
CSF leak
37
What does the thyroid consist of?
2 lateral lobes: | - Joined by an isthmus
38
What are the lobes of the thyroid connected to?
Lateral aspects of: - Thyroid cartilage - Cricoid cartilage Trachea
39
What does the isthmus lie anterior to?
2nd + 3rd tracheal cartilages
40
True or false; A goitre will move with swallowing?
True
41
What is the approximate size of a parathyroid gland?
Rice grain
42
What is a pyramidal thyroid lobe and where does it originate (usually)?
Accessory lobe arising from the isthmus: - May attach to thyroid cartilage - Can extend to hyoid
43
What is the prevalence of a pyramidal lobe?
28-55% (Mean is 44.6%)
44
What does the embryological development of the thyroid begin as and where?
Midline epithelial proliferation at junction of: - Anterior 2/3 of tongue - Posterior 1/3 of tongue
45
What does the origin of the thyroid gland become in adults?
Foramen caecum
46
What happens after the thyroid develops?
Migrates inferiorly
47
As the thyroid migrates, what is it attached to and when does it reach its final position?
Tongue: - Via thyroglossal duct 7th week of gestation
48
What can be found along the migratory path of the thyroid?
Thyroglossal duct cysts | Ectopic thyroid tissue
49
What muscles lie in the superficial fascia of the neck, what do they control and what is their nerve supply?
Platysma muscles: - Facial expression - Facial nerve
50
What is the investing (deep) fascia deep to and what does it contain?
``` Deep to superficial fascia Contains: - All other neck fascial compartments - Trapezius - Sternocleidomastoid ```
51
What is the prevertebral fascia deep to and what does it contain?
``` Deep to investing fascia: - Anteriorly Contains: - Cervical vertebrae - Postural neck muscles ```
52
What is the pretracheal fascia deep to and what does it contain?
``` Deep to investing fascia: - Anteriorly Contains: - Strap muscles - Thyroid - Trachea and oesophagus - Recurrent laryngeal nerves ```
53
How can infection spread between the prevertebral and pretracheal fasciae?
Via the retropharyngeal space
54
What are the carotid sheaths deep to and what do they contain?
``` Deep to investing fascis: - Anterolaterally -> Either side of thyroid Contain: - Internal jugular veins - Carotid arteries - Vagus nerves - Deep cervical LNs ```
55
What do the carotid sheaths attach to?
Superiorly: - Base of skull (around jugular foramen) Inferiorly: - Blend with mediastinal fascia
56
What are the origins and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
``` Origins: - Sternal head -> manubrium - Clavicular head -> Medial end of clavicle Insertion: - Mastoid process of temporal bone ```
57
What does the descending part of the trapezius attach to?
Inferiorly: - Spine of scapula - Lateral end of clavicle
58
What nerve supplies the motor aspects SCD and trapezius?
Spinal accessory nerve
59
What does the anterior jugular vein drain into?
External jugular vein
60
What is the blood supply to the thyroid (and parathyroids) and where do they arise?
``` Superior thyroid arteries: - One right + one left - From external carotid arteries Inferior thyroid arteries: - One right + one left - From subclavian arteries ```
61
What drains the thyroid gland and where do they drain?
``` Superior + middle thyroid veins: - One on each side - Drain to internal jugular veins Inferior thyroid vein: - Drain into brachiocephalic veins ```
62
What is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
Superior + inferior deep cervical nodes | Also a pretracheal node + some paratracheal nodes
63
What somatic branches of the vagus nerve supply the larnyx?
Superior laryngeal nreve | Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
64
What is the path of the right vagus nerve through the chest?
Along right lateral trachea Posterior to right lung root Onto oesophagus
65
What is the path of the left vagus nerve through the chest?
Left side of aortic arch: - Gives off left recurrent laryngeal Posterior to left lung root Onto oesophagus
66
What incision is made for a thyroidectomy?
Collar incision along Langer's lines: - Superior to clavicles + jugular notch - Through skin + platysma muscles
67
What are the symptoms of a unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?
Hoarse/Weak voice | Weak cough
68
What are the symptoms of a bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?
Aphonia Inability to close rima glottidis: - Aspiration - Poor coughin

Year 2 - Endocrinology (DP) (15 decks)

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