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COB Exam 3 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Proximal- spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3 ribs
Distal- floor of intertubercular sulcus or humerus anteriorly
Innervation- thoracodorsal nerve
Actions- extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus; raises torso towards arm during climbing

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2
Q

Rhomboid major

A

Proximal- spinous processes of T2-T5
Distal- medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Action: retract, elevate, and rotate scapula downward as well as fix it to the thoracic wall

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3
Q

Rhomboid minor

A

Proximal- nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 and T1
Distal- medial end of scapular spine
Innervation- dorsal scapular
Action- retract, elevate, and rotate scapula downward, as well as fix it to the thoracic wall

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4
Q

Levator scapulae

A

Proximal- posterior tubercles of transverse processes of first 4 cervical vertebrae
Distal- medial border of scapula, superior part of scapular spine
Innervation- dorsal scapular nerve and ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves
Action- elevates scapula and tilts glenoid fossa inferiorly by rotating scapula

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5
Q

Serratus posterior superior

A

Proximal- nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae
Distal- Superior border of ribs 2-4
Innervation- T2-T5 intercostal nerves (ventral rami)
Action- Elevates ribs

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6
Q

Serratus posterior inferior

A

Proximal- spinous processes of T11-L2
Distal- Inferior borders of ribs 8-12, near their angles
Innervation- Intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve (ventral rami)
Action- Depresses ribs

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7
Q

Splenius Cervicis

A

Origin-nuchal ligament and spinous processes of T1-T6 vertebrae
Insertion- tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action bilaterally- extend head and neck
Action unilaterally- laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of contracting muscle

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8
Q

Splenius capitis

A

Origin- nuchal ligament and spinous processes of T1-T6 vertebrae
Insertion- Lateral parts of mastoid processes and superior nuchal line
Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action bilaterally- extend head and neck
Action unilaterally- laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of contracting muscle

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9
Q

Trapezius

A

Proximal- external occipital protuberance of skull, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-C12 vertebrae
Distal- lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
Innervation: Motor (accessory nerve), sensory (ventral rami of C3-C4)
Action- elevates, depresses, and retracts scapula; rotates glenoid fossa superiorly

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10
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Proximal: Long head (supraglenoid tubercle of scapula), short head (coracoid process of scapula)
Distal: radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
Blood supply: brachial artery
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve
Action: Supinates forearm, when supine will flex forearm, resists dislocation of shoulder (short head)

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11
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

Proximal: coracoid process of scapula
Distal: middle 1/3 of medial humeral surface
Blood supply: brachial artery
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
Action: Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint, resists dislocation of shoulder joint

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12
Q

Brachialis

A

Proximal: distal 1/2 of anterior surface of humerus
Distal: coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
Blood supply: brachial artery
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)
Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint

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13
Q

Anconeus

A

Proximal: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Distal: lateral surface of olecranon, superior part of surface of ulna
Blood supply: deep brachial artery
Innervation: radial nerve (C7-T1)
Action: Assists triceps in extension of forearm and stabilizes elbow joint; also abducts ulna during pronation

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14
Q

triceps brachii

A

Proximal: Long (infraglenoid tubercle), lateral (posterior surface of humerus), medial (posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove)
Distal: proximal end of olecranon and fascia of forearm
Blood supply: deep brachial artery
Innervation: radial nerve (C6-C8)
Action: extends forearm at elbow joint (main), resists dislocation of shoulder joint (long head)

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15
Q

Pronator teres

A
  • superficial layer
  • proximal: coronoid process of ulna
  • distal: middle of lateral surface of radius
  • innervation: median nerve
  • Action: pronates and flexes forearm at elbow
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16
Q

flexor capri radialis

A
  • superficial
  • proximal: medial epicondyle of humerus
  • distal: base of 2nd metacarpal
  • innervation: median nerve
  • action: flexes and abducts hand at wrist
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17
Q

palmaris longus

A
  • superficial
  • proximal: medial epicondyle of humerus
  • distal: flexor retinaculum; continuous with palmar aponeurosis
  • innervation: median nerve
  • action: flexes hand at wrist, tenses palmar aponeurosis
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18
Q

flexor capri ulnaris

A

superficial layer

proximal: medial epicondyle of humerus
distal: pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal
innervation: ulnar nerve
action: flexes and adducts hand at wrist

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19
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  • intermediate layer
  • proximal: medial epicondyle of humerus, superior 1/2 of anterior border of radius
  • distal: shafts of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits
  • innervation: median nerve
  • action: flexes middle phalanges at proximal IP joint, flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints
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20
Q

flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • deep layer
  • proximal: proximal 3/4 of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
  • distal: bases of distal phalanges of 2-5 fingers
  • innervation: median and ulnar nerves
  • action: flexes distal phalanges at IP joints (power grip)
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21
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A
  • deep layer
  • proximal: anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
  • distal: base of distal phalanx of thumb
  • innervation: median nerve via anterior interosseous nerve
  • action: flexes thumb
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22
Q

pronator quadratus

A
  • deep layer
  • proximal: distal 1/4 of anterior surface of ulna
  • distal: distal 1/4 of anterior surface of radius
  • innervation: median nerve via anterior interosseous nerve
  • action: pronates forearm, deep fibers bind radius and ulna together
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23
Q

brachioradialis

A
  • superficial layer
  • proximal: proximal 2/3 of supraepicondylar ridge of humerus
  • distal: distal radius, proximal to styloid process
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • action: flexes forearm when it is pronated
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24
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus

A
  • superficial layer
  • proximal: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
  • distal: dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • action: extend and abduct hand at wrist
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25
extensor carpi radialis brevis
- superficial layer - proximal: lateral epicondyle of humerus - distal: dorsal aspect of base of 3rd metacarpal - innervation: deep branch of radial nerve - action: extend and abduct hand at wrist
26
extensor digitorum
- superficial layer of posterior forearm - proximal: lateral epicondyle of humerus - distal: extensor expansions of medial 4 fingers - innervation: posterior interosseous nerve - action: extends medial 4 fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints and somewhat at IP joints
27
extensor digiti minimi
- superificial layer of posterior forearm - proximal: lateral epicondyle of humerus - distal: extensor expansion of 5th finger - innervation: posterior interosseous nerve - action: extends 5th finger at metacarpophalangeal joint and secondarily at IP joints
28
extensor carpi ulnaris
- superficial layer of posterior forearm - proximal: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna - distal: dorsal aspect of base for 5th metacarpal - innervation: posterior interosseous nerve - action: extends and adducts hand at wrist
29
supinator
- deep layer of posterior forearm - proximal: lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and anular ligaments, ulnar crest - distal: proximal 1/3 of radius - innervation: deep branch of radial nerve - action: supinates forearm, bringing radius back to anatomical position
30
extensor indicis
- deep layer of posterior forearm - proximal: posterior surface of distal 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane - distal: extensor expansion of 2nd finger - innervation: posterior interosseous nerve - action: independent extension of 2nd finger, but also helps with extension of the wrist
31
abductor pollicus longus
- deep layer of posterior forearm - proximal: posterior surface of proximal 1/2 of ulna and radius, interosseous membrane - distal: base of 1st metacarpal - innervation: posterior interosseous nerve - action: abducts thumb and extends it at carpometacarpal joint
32
extensor pollicis brevis
- deep layer of posterior forearm - proximal: posterior surface of distal 1/3 of radius, interosseous membrane - distal: dorsal aspect of proximal phalanx of thumb - innervation: posterior interosseous nerve - action: extends proximal phalanx of thumb at its metacarpophalangeal joint, also extends carpmetacarpal joint
33
extensor pollicis longus
- deep layer of posterior forearm - proximal: posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna, interosseous membrane - distal: dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb - innervation: posterior interosseous membrane - action: extends distal phalanx of thumb at its IP joint and extends the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joint
34
Opponens pollicis
Thenar muscle - proximal: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapeziume - distal: lateral side of 1st metacarpal - action: oppose thumb and medially rotate 1st metacarpal - innervation: recurrent branch of median nerve
35
Abductor pollicis brevis
Thenar muscle - proximal: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium - distal: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb - actions: abduct thumb, aid in opposition - innervation: recurrent branch of median nerve
36
Flexor pollicis brevis
Thenar muscle - proximal: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium - distal: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb - actions: flexes thumb - innervation: recurrent branch of median nerve, deep branch of ulnar nerve
37
Adductor pollicis
Thenar muscle, not part of thenar eminence - proximal: bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, capitate, and adjacent carpals - distal: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb - action: adducts thumb toward lateral border of palm - innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
38
abductor digiti minimi
hypothenar muscle - proximal: pisiform - distal: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit - action: abducts 5th digit, aids in flexion of 5th proximal phalanx - innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
39
flexor digiti minimi (brevis)
Hypothenar muscles - proximal: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum - distal: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit - action: flexes proximal phalanx of digit 5 - innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
40
opponens digiti minimi
hypothenar muscle - proximal: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum - distal: medial border of 5th metacarpal - action: brings 5th metacarpal anterior and rotates it to bring it into opposition with thumb - innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
41
Iliocostalis- cervicis, thoracis, lumborum
Origin- iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, sacroiliac segments Insertion- Ribs Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves
42
Longissimus thoracis
Origin-Iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments Insertion- Ribs and adjacent transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae Innervation- Dorsal rami of spinal nerve
43
Longissimus cervicis
Origin- Transverse process of cervical vertebrae Insertion- Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae Innervation- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
44
Longissimus capitis
Origin- Transverse process of cervical vertebrae Insertion- Mastoid process Innervation- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
45
Semispinalis cervicis
Origin- cervical transverse processes Insertion- Spinous process of 2nd cervical vertebrae Innervation- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action- Extend head, thoracic and cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally
46
Semispinalis capitis
Origin- transverse processes of 1st-6th thoracic vertebrae Insertion- nuchal line Innervation- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action- extend head, thoracic and cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally
47
semispinalis thoracis
Origin- spinous processes at inferior T10-L3 vertebrae Insertion- spinous processes at superior T2-T8 vertebrae Innervation- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action- Extend head, cervical, and thoracic regions; rotates them contralaterally
48
Multifidus
Origin- transverse process Insertion- spinous process Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action- stabilizes vertebrae during localized movements of vertebral column
49
Rotatores brevis
Origin- transverse process of one vertebrae Insertion- base of spinous process of the next vertebrae Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action- Extend head, thoracic, and cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally
50
Rotatores longus
Origin- transverse process of one vertebrae Insertion- spinous process of 2nd vertebrae above Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action- extend head, thoracic and cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally
51
Interspinales
Origin- spinous process Insertion- spinous process Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves
52
Intertransversari
Origin- transverse process Insertion- transverse process Innervation- dorsal AND VENTRAL rami of spinal nerves
53
Pectoralis major
Origin- anterior surface of medial 1/2 of clavicle, anterior surface of sternum and superior costal cartilages Insertion- Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus Innervation- lateral and medial pectoral nerves Action- Adducts and medially rotates humerus; draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly (via clavicle); clavicular portion flexes humerus; sternal portion can extend humerus while it is flexed in this position Blood supply- pectoral branches of thoracoacromial arterial trunk
54
Pectoralis minor
Origin- 3rd through 5th ribs Insertion- coracoid process of scapula Innervation- Medial pectoral nerve Action- stabilizes scapula by pulling it anteriorly and inferiorly against posterior thoracic wall Blood supply- pectoral branches of thoracoacromial arterial trunk
55
Subclavius
Origin- junction of 1st ribs and its costal cartilage Insertion- Inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle Innervation- Nerve to subclavius Action- Anchors and depresses clavicle Blood supply- Clavicular branch of thoracoacromial arterial trunk
56
Serratus anterior
Origin- external surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-9 Insertion- Anterior surface of medial border of scapula Innervation- Long thoracic nerve Action- protracts scapula, rotates scapula, holds scapula against thorax Blood supply- lateral thoracic artery
57
Deltoid
Origin- Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula Insertion- deltoid tuberosity of humerus Innervation- axillary nerve Actions- flexes, medially rotates, abducts, extends, and laterally rotates humerus
58
Teres major
Origin- posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula Insertion- Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus Innervation- lower subscapular nerve Action- adducts and medially rotates humerus
59
Supraspinatus
*rotator cuff muscle Origin- supraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion- superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus Innervation- Suprascapular nerve Action- Works with deltoid in abduction of humerus, acts with other rotator cuff muscles in stabilizing shoulder joint
60
Infraspinatus
*rotator cuff muscle Origin- Infraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion- middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus Innervation- suprascapular nerve Action- laterally rotates humerus, helps hold humeral head in place
61
Subscapularis
*rotator cuff muscle Origin- subscapular fossa of scapula Insertion- lesser tubercle of humerus Innervation- upper and lower subscapular nerves Action- medially rotates and adducts humerus; helps hold humeral head in place
62
Teres minor
*rotator cuff muscle Origin-middle part of lateral border of scapula Insertion- Inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus Innervation- axillary nerve Action- laterally rotates humerus, helps hold humeral head in place
63
1st and 2nd lumbricals
- attach to lateral 2 tendons of FDP | - innervated by the median nerve
64
3rd and 4th lumbricals
- attach to medial 3 tendons of FDP - insert on lateral sides of the extensor expansion of digits 2-5 - innervated with deep branch of ulnar nerve - they flex the metacarophalangeal joints and extend the IP joints (via the extensor expansion and extensor hood) of digits 2-5
65
Palmar interossei
- Origin: palmar surfaces of 2,4,5 metacarpals - Insertion: bases of proximal phalanges and the extensor expansions of digits 2,4,5 - Action: adduct 2,4,5 fingers towards the axial line, also assist lumbricals - Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
66
Dorsal Interossei
- Origin: attach to adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals - Insertion: bases of proximal phalanges and the extensor expansions of digits 2-4 - Innervation: deep branch of the ulnar nerve - Action: abduct 2-4 fingers towards axial line; also assist lumbrical
67
Gleteus maximus
- Origin: posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of the sacrum, lateral margin of coccyx - Insertion: gluteal tuberosity of femur - Blood supply: Superior/Inferior gluteal artery - Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S1) - Action: chief extensor of thigh and lateral rotation, slight extension of leg with working with tensor fascia lata
68
Gluteus medius
- Origin: external surface of ileum between A/P gluteal lines - Insertion: lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur - Blood supply: superior gluteal artery - Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L5-S1) - Action: Thigh abduction and medial rotation
69
Gluteus minimus
- Origin: External surface of ileum between A/P gluteal lines - Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur - Blood supply: superior gluteal artery - Innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L5-S1) - Action: thigh abduction and medial rotation
70
Tensor fascia lata
- Origin: ASIS and anterior part of iliac crest - Insertion: IT tract - Blood supply: superior/inferior gluteal artery - Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1) - Actions: abducts, medially rotates and flexes thigh; slight extensino of knee along with the gluteus maximus
71
Piriformis
- Origin: pelvic surface of sacrum - Insertion: superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur - Blood supply: superior/inferior gluteal artery, internal pudendal artery - Innervation: direct branches from the sacral plexus and ventral rami (S1-S2) - Action: Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh
72
Obturator Internus
- Origin: Inner surface of obturator membrane and the margin of the obturator foramen - Insertion: Medial surface of the greater trochanter - Blood supply: obturator artery - Innervation: Obturator internus nerve - leaves pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen - Action: Laterally rotates extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh
73
Superior gemelus
- Origin: ischial spine - Insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter - Blood supply: inferior gluteal artery - Innervation: obturator internus nerve - Action: Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh
74
Inferior gemelius
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity - Insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter - Blood supply: inferior gluteal artery - Innervation: quadratus femoris nerve - Action: Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh
75
Obturator externus
Origin: outer surface of obturator membrane, superior/inferior pubic rami - Insertion: external margins of obturator foramen, trochanteric fossa - Blood supply: obturator artery - Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3-L4) - Action: Adduct and externally rotate at hip joint
76
Quadratus femoris
- Origin: lateral border of ischial tuberosity - Insertion: quadrate line below the intertrochanteric crest - Blood supply: inferior gluteal artery - Innervation: quadratus femoris nerve - Action: chief extensors of the leg
77
Iliacus
* part of iliopsoas - Origin: iliac fossa and crest, ala of the sacrum - Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur - Blood supply: branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery - Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L3) - Action: flexor of the thigh
78
Psoas major
- Origin: transverse processes of T12-L5 vertebrae - Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur - Blood supply: lumbar arteries - Innervation: L1-L3 ventral rami - Action: flexor of the thigh at hip joint
79
Psoas minor
- Origin: T12-L1 vertebrae - Insertion: Iliopectineal arch - Blood supply: lumbar arteries - Innervation: L1-L2 ventral rami - Action: flexor of the thigh at hip joint
80
Sartorius
- Origin: ASIS - Insertion: medial part of the tibia near tibial tuberosity - Blood supply: lateral circumflex femoral artery - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L3) - Action: flex, abduct, laterally rotate thigh; flex leg
81
Vastus lateralis
* quadricep femoris - Origin: greater trochanter of the femur, gluteal tuberosity - Insertion: tibial tuberosity and the patella - Blood supply: transverse/lateral circumflex femoral artery - Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4) - Action: extension of leg
82
Vastus medialis
* quadriceps femoris - Origin: medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur and intertrochanteric line - Insertion: petalla and tibial tuberosity - Blood supply: lateral circumflex femoral artery - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4) - Action: extension of the leg
83
Rectus femoris
* quadriceps femoris - Origin: ASIS and superior part of the acetabulum - Insertion: tibial tuberosity and the patella - Blood supply: lateral circumflex femoral artery - Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4) - Action: extension of the leg, flexion of the thigh
84
Pectineus
* medial thigh muscle - Origin: pecten line of pubis - Insertion: pectineal line of the femur - Blood supply: branches of medial circumflex femoral artery - Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L3) - Action: adduct and flex thigh
85
Adductor longus
* medial thigh muscle - Origin: body of pubis - Insertion: middle 1/3 of linea aspera - Blood supply: obturator artery - Innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4) - Action: adducts and flexes thigh
86
Gracilis
* medial thigh muscle * only adductor to cross knee joint - Origin: pubic body and inferior pubic ramus - Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia - Blood supply: obturator artery - Innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L3) - Action: Adducts thigh, flex and medially rotate leg
87
Adductor brevis
* medial thigh muscle - Origin: inferior ramus of the pubis - Insertion: pectineal line and proximal linea aspera - Blood supply: obturator artery - Innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4) - Action: adducts and flexes thigh
88
Adductor magnus- hamstring portion
* medial thigh - Origin: ischial tuberosity - Insertion: medial epicondyle - Innervation: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L4) - Action: adducts and extends thigh
89
Adductor magnus- adductor part
* medial thigh - Origin: ischiopubic ramus - Insertion: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line - Innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4) - Action: adducts and flexes thigh
90
What are the superficial hypaxial back muscles?
``` trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major/minor levator scapulae Serratus posterior superior/inferior ```
91
What are the deep epaxial back muscles?
splenius capitus/cervicus iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum) longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis) spinalis thoracis semispinalis (cervicis, capitis, thoracis) multifidus rotatores brevis/longus interspinales intertransversari levator costarum
92
What are the muscles in the erector spinae group?
Iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum) Longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis) spinalis thoracis
93
What are the muscles in the transversospinales group?
semispinales (cervicis, capitis, thoracis) multifidus rotatores brevis/longus
94
What are the segmental back muscles?
interspinales Intertransversari Levator costarum
95
What are the muscles in the pectoral region?
Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Subclavius Serratus anterior
96
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Teres minor Subscapularis Infraspinatus Supraspinatus
97
What are the scapulohumeral muscles?
``` Deltoid Teres major Teres minor Subscapularis Infraspinatus Supraspinatus ```
98
What are the anterior (flexors) muscles of the arm?
Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis Brachialis
99
What are the posterior (extensor) muscles of the arm?
Anconeus | Triceps brachii
100
What are the muscles of the anterior forearm, superficial layer?
Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris
101
What are the muscles of the anterior forearm, intermediate layer?
Flexor digitorum superficials
102
What are the muscles of the anterior forearm, deep layer?
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus
103
What are the muscles of the posterior forearm, lateral superficial layer?
Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis
104
What are the muscles of the posterior forearm, superficial layer?
Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris
105
What are the muscles of the posterior forearm, deep layer?
``` Supinator Extensor indicis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus ```
106
What are the thenar muscles of the hand?
Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis
107
What are the hypothenar muscles of the hand?
Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi
108
What are the intrinsic (short) muscles of the hand?
Lumbricals Palmar interossei Dorsal interossei
109
What are the gluteal muscles?
``` Gluteus maximus/medius/minimus Tensor fascia lata Piriformis Obturator internus/extensor Superior/inferior gemeli ```
110
What are the anterior thigh muscles?
Iliacus Psoas major/minor Sartorius Quadriceps femoris
111
What are the muscles of quadriceps femoris?
Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Rectus femoris
112
What are the medial thigh muscles?
``` Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor magnus (hamstring and adductor part) ```
113
Which deep epaxial back muscle is innervated by both dorsal and ventral rami?
intertransversari
114
What muscles are in the subocciptal region? What is their function and innervation?
- rectus capitis posterior major/minor, obliquus capitis superior/inferior - mainly postural muscles; also aid in extension and rotation in atlantoaxial joint - all are innervated by subocciptal nerve (the dorsal rami of C1)
115
What nerves and vessels constitute the suboccipital region?
1. vertebral artery 2. subocciptal nerve (dorsal rami of C1, between skull and atlas, motor to all triangle muscles) 3. Greater occipital nerve (dorsal rami of C2, between atlas and axis, sensory fibers only) 4. Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (continuous with ligamentum flava)
116
Which are the true (vertebrosternal) ribs?
Ribs 1-7 | -they attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages
117
What is false (vertebrochondral) ribs?
Ribs 8-10 -Their cartilages are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them; thus their connection with the sternum is indirect
118
Components of superficial fascia of the pectoral region
Platysma Supraclavicular nerves Anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves
119
What makes up the deltopectoral (clavipectoral) triangle?
- deltoid, pectoralis major, and middle 1/3 of clavicle make up borders - cephalic vein - deltopectoral lymph nodes - deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery (from axillary artery)
120
What are the scapular anastomosing arterial branches?
- suprascapular artery (from subclavian artery) - dorsal scapular artery (deep branch of transverse cervical artery from subclavian artery) - posterior intercostal arteries (from thoracic aorta) - circumflex scapular artery (division of subscapular artery from axillary artery): main anastomosis with dorsal scapular artery - thoracodorsal artery (division of subscapular artery from axillary artery)
121
What nerves of the brachial plexus are supraclavicular?
- coming off roots or trunks | - dorsal scapular, long thoracic, suprascapular, nerve to subclavius
122
Describe injuries to superior trunk of brachial plexus (C5 and C6)
"Erb's palsy" - Sensory deficits: lateral aspect of upper limb - Motor deficits: loss of arm abduction, loss of elbow flexion, loss of forearm supination, weakness of wrist extension - Presentation: Upper limb is adducted, medially rotated and elbow is extended and wrist is flexed ("waiter's tip")
123
Describe injuries to inferior trunk (C8 and T1)
"Klumpke's palsy" - Sensory deficits: medial aspect of upper limb (except axilla) - Motor deficit: loss of precision of finger movements, weakness in forearm pronation, weakness of wrist and finger extension, weakness of wrist and finger flexion - Presentation: primary clinical sign is "claw-hand" and there may also be wasting of intrinsic hand muscles. seen with ATTEMPTED EXTENSION of digits, leaving 4th and 5th flexed
124
Describe injuries to radial nerve (C5-T1)
- can occur with mid-shaft fractures of the humerus or improper use of crutches - extensors compartments affected - "wrist drop" or "saturday night palsy" (nerve gets pinched due to certain sleep positions resulting in loss of ability to extend wrist and digits)
125
Describe injuries to axillary nerve of brachial plexus (C5 and C6)
- can occur with fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus or dislocation of the glenohumeral joint - can result in impaired or lost function of deltoid and teres minor - patient would be unable to fully abduct their arm, and may have diminished ability to laterally rotate arm
126
Describe injuries to the long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
- Serratus anterior is affected | - "winged scapula"; inability to raise arms past 90 degrees (trouble fully abducting your arm)
127
Describe injures to ulnar nerve of the brachial plexus (C8-T1, often C7)
- fx of medial epicondyle of humerus can damage this nerve. fx in proximal ulna may also result in damage - slashed wrist (medial side) - damage will involved flexors or wrist, digits, and intrinsic hand muscles - radial deviation at wrist joint, loss of ab-and adduction of fingers, weak wrist flexion and some loss of flexion of digits
128
Describe injures to the median nerve of the brachial plexus (C6-T1)
- flexors of wrist and digits affected, also intrinsic hand muscles, particularly those that move the thumb - seen with ATTEMPTED FLEXION of digits, where 2-3 are left extended - "Ape hand" (thenar eminence atrophy and loss of thenar opposition)
129
Name some of the anastamosing branches in the peri-articular anastamosis
- radial collateral branch with recurrent radial artery - superior ulnar collateral artery with posterior ulnar recurrent artery - inferior ulnar collateral artery with anterior ulnar recurrent artery - middle collateral artery with interosseous recurrent artery
130
What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
- lateral: brachioradialis - medial: pronator - superior: line between medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus - roof: skin, superficial and deep fascia, bicipital aponeurosis - floor: supinator and brachialis
131
What are the contents of the cubital fossa?
1. median nerve 2. Bifurcation of radial and ulnar nerves 3. Brachial veins 4. Tendon of biceps brachii and bicipital aponeurosis 5. Radial nerve
132
What muscles make up the anatomical snuff box?
Extensor pollicus longus Extensor pollicus brevis Abductor pollicis longus
133
At what joint does most of the flexion occur?
Midcarpal joint (60%)
134
At what joint does most of the extension occur?
Radiocarpal joint (67%)
135
What roots of the brachial plexus does the musculocutaneous nerve come from?
C5-C7
136
What nerve roots from the brachial plexus does the axillary nerve arise from?
C5-C6
137
What nerve roots from the brachial plexus does the median nerve arise from?
C6-T1
138
What nerve roots from the brachial plexus does the radial nerve arise from?
C5-T1
139
What nerve roots from the brachial plexus does the ulnar nerve arise from?
C8-T1
140
What structures exit the greater sciatic foramen?
- gluteal neurovascular bundles - piriformis muscle - sciatic nerve - posterior femoral cutaneous nerve - pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery - obturator internus/superior gemellus nerve
141
What components enter/exit the lesser sciatic foramen and what is their directionality?
- pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery (enter) - obturatory internus/superior gemellus nerve (enter) - obturator internus (EXIT): only thing exiting the lesser sciatic foramen
142
What muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?
- Gluteus minimus - Gluteus medius - Tensor fascia lata
143
What muscle(s) does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?
-gluteus maximum
144
The internal gluteal artery participates in the cruciate anastomosis of the thigh with what other arteries?
- lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries - perforating arteries - superior gluteal artery
145
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
- superior: inguinal ligament - medially: lateral border of adductor longus - laterally: sartorius
146
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
- NAVEL - femoral Nerve - fermoral Artery - femoral Vein - femoral canal (empty space) with deep inguinal Lymph nodes
147
Which of the following are not part of the femoral sheath? A. Femoral artery B. Femoral nerve C. Femoral vein D. Femoral canal
B. Femoral nerve
148
Hamstrings (biceps femoris-long and short head)
- Origin: ischial tuberosity (except short head of biceps femoris) - Innervation of long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve - Innervation of short head: common fibular portion - Functions: thigh extension (except short head of biceps femoris); leg flexion (all four)
149
Semitendinosus
- Posterior thigh - Innervation: tibial division of sciatic nerve - Fucntion: extend thigh; flex leg at knee (med. rotate)
150
Semimembranosus
- Posterior thigh - Innervation: tibial division of sciatic nerve - Function: Extend thigh; flex leg
151
Boundaries of the popliteal fossa
- semitendinosus and semimembranosus - biceps femoris - lateral head gastrocnemius - medial head gastrocnemius
152
Contents of the popliteal fossa
- superfical to deep: * nerves * popliteal vein, lymph nodes, and branches * popliteal artery and branches
153
What arteries are involved in the genicular anastomosis?
- descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery - superior lateral genicular artery - inferior lateral genicular artery - superior medial genicular artery - inferior medial genicular artyer
154
Gastrocnemius
- Most superficial posterior compartment muscle - Innervation: Tibial nerve - Action: Plantar flexion and flexes at knee joint (because it crosses at the knee)
155
Soleus
- Superficial posterior leg muscle - Lies deep to gastrocnemius - Forms a tripartite muscle with the gastrocnemius known as the "tricpes surae" - Innervation: Tibial nerve - Action: plantar flexion
156
Plantaris
- superficial posterior leg muscle - proposed to be a proprioceptive organ for foot position - sends a long tendon in between gastrocnemius and soleus - Innervation: tibial nerve - Action: weak plantarflexion and leg flexion
157
Popliteus
- Deep posterior leg muscle - Lies deep to plantaris - Forms inferior floor of popliteal fossa - Innervation: tibial nerve - Action: unlocks extended leg by laterally rotating femur on a stationary tibia; also flexes leg weakly
158
Flexor hallucis longus
- largest deep posterior muscle - lies deep to soleus - Innervation: tibial nerve - Action: flexes great toe; plantarflex foot at ankle joint
159
Flexor digitorum longus
- deep to soleus and posterior to tibia - Innervation: tibial nerve - Action: flexes lateral 4 digits; plantarflex foot at ankle joint
160
Tibialis posterior
- deepest posterior crural muscle - innervation: tibial nerve - Action: inversion; plantarflexion
161
Tibialis Anterior
- Long thick muscle on anterolateral surface of tibia - Innervation: deep fibular nerve - Action: dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
162
Extensor digitorum longus
- Anterior leg muscle - Innervation: deep fibular nerve - Action: extends lateral four digits; dorsiflexion
163
Fibularis tertius
- fuse with digitorum longus proximally - tendon does not attach to a digit - variably present - Innervation: deep fibular nerve - Action: dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
164
Extensor hallucis longus
- lateral to tibialis anterior - Innervation: deep fibular nerve - Action: extend hallux, dorsiflex ankle
165
Fibular longus
- extends from fibular head to sole of foot - superficial to fibularis brevis - Innervation: superficial fibular nerve - Action: eversion and plantar flexion
166
Fibular brevis
- deep to fibularis longus - Innervation: superficial fibular nerve - Functions: eversion and plantarflexion
167
What muscles comprise the anterior leg? What is the innervation? What is the arterial supply?
- tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius, extensor hallicus longus - innervation: deep fibular nerve - arterial supply: anterior tibial artery
168
What muscles comprise the lateral leg compartment? What is the innervation?
- Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis | - Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
169
What muscles make up the superficial posterior leg muscles? What is the innervation?
- Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris | - Innervation: tibial nerve
170
What muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior leg?
- popliteus, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior - innervation: tibial nerve
171
What muscles make up the posterior thigh? What is the innervation?
- Biceps femoris (long and short head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus - innevation: tibial division of sciatic nerve (except short head- common fibular portion of sciatic nerve)
172
What are the muscles of the first layer of the foot?
- flexor digitorum brevis - abductor hallucis - abductor digiti minimi
173
What are the muscles of layer 2 of the foot?
- lumbricals | - quadratus plantae
174
What are the muscles of layer 3 of the foot?
- flexor hallucis brevis - adductor hallucis - flexor digiti minimi brevis
175
What are the muscles of layer 4 of the foot?
- Plantar interossei - Dorsal interossei - Extensor digitorum brevis - Extensor hallucis brevis
176
What are the two muscles on the dorsum of foot? What are their innervation?
- Extensor hallucis brevis (1st phalanx) and extensor digitorum brevis (2nd-4th phalanges) - Innervation: deep fibular nerve
177
What muscles does the medial plantar nerve innervate?
- abductor hallucis - flexor digitorum brevis - medial one lumbrical - flexor hallicus brevis
178
What muscles does the lateral plantar nerve innervate?
- abductor digiti minimi - quadratus plantae - lateral three lumbricals - adductor hallucis - flexor digiti minimi brevis - interossei
179
What is the role of the foot muscles?
- Are synergists - Help maintain foot arches - Stand on uneven ground
180
Quadratus plantae
- second layer of foot musclce - joins tendons from flexor digitorum longus to calcaneus - assists fdl in flexing lateral four digits - it corrects the line of pulls of the tendons --> keeps toes straight when you flex them. it it was not there, it would flex your toes laterally
181
Lumbricals in the foot
- originate from flexor digitorum longus tendons - medial aspect of extensor expansion - flex mp joint - extend pip and dip joints - Innervation: medial one by medial plantar nerve; lateral three by lateral plantar nerve - Action: flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
182
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- third layer plantar muscle - innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve - action: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
183
Adductor hallucis
- third layer of plantar muscle - Innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve - Action: adduct 1st digit
184
Flexor hallucis brevis
- third layer plantar muscle - two heads (medial and lateral) cover plantar surface of first metatarsal - innervation: medial plantar nerve - action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
185
Plantar interosssei
- fourth layer of plantar muscles - Innervation: lateral plantar nerve - Action: adduct digits 3-5 towards 2nd digit - "PAD"
186
Dorsal interossei
- fourth layer plantar muscle - innervation: lateral plantar nerve - action: abduct digits 2-4 away from midline of 2nd digit
187
What contributes to the dynamic portion of the foot arch?
- tibialis posterior and anterior - flexor hallucis longus - fibularis longus - intrinsic plantar muscles
188
What contributes to the passive foot arch?
- plantar aponeurosis - long plantar ligament - short plantar ligament - plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

COB Exam 3 (6 decks)

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