anatomy Flashcards
portal triad is within the
(proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct) hepatoduodenal ligament
gastrohepatic ligament is inside the
lesser omentum
falciform ligaments connects
liver to the anterior abd wall
gastrohepatic ligament connects
liver to lesser curvature of stomach; contains gastric arteries may be cut to access lower sac
gastrosplenic ligament
connects greater curvature to spleen; contains short gastrics and left gastroepiploics;
what separates greater and lesser sacs on the left?
gastrosplenic ligament
splenorenal ligament
connects spleen to posterior abd wall; contains splenic vessels
to control bleeding in portal triad, you can compress the..
hepatoduodenal ligament (pringle maneuver)
layers of gut wall from inside to outside
MSMS mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa) submucosa (includes submucosal plexus = meissners) muscularis externa (includes myenteric plexus = auerbachs plexus) serosa (when intraperitoneal)/adventitia (when retro)
muscularis externa has two layers –>
inner circular layer outer longitudinal layer
plicae circularis are where?
jejenum and proximal ileum
peyers patches are where?
ileum
largest number of goblet cells in small intestine?
ileum
colon has _____ but no ____
crypts of lieberkuhn; villi
SMA syndrome
transverse (3rd) part of duodenum gets trapped between SMA and aorta –> causes intestinal obstruction
top to bottom middle three: celiac trunk (t12), SMA (L1), IMA (L3)
right : right renal a, right gonadal a
left: left inferior phrenic a, left middle suprarenal a, left gonadal a, left common iliac –> int and ext iliac a
bottom: mediac sacral a
bifurcation at L4
foregut artery and parasympathetic innervation
celiac
vagus
midgut artery and innervation
SMA and vagus
hindgut artery and innervation
IMA and pelvic nerve
branches of celiac trunk
common hepatic, splenic and left gastric
signs of portal HTN
varices of gut, butt, caput (esophagus, umbilicus, and rectum)
left gastric –> esophageal
paraumbilical –> epigastric veins of anterior abd wall (caput medusae)
superior rectal –> middle and inferior rectal (anorectal varices - NOT internal hemorrhoids)
hiatal hernia
stomach herniates up through esophageal hiatus in diaphragm
indirect inguinal hernia
through internal inguinal ring
direct inguinal hernia
through inguinal triangle
where are the stem cells of GI tract?
stomach vs intestines?
intestinal crypts
higher in the stomach vs in the pit of the gland of intestines
secretory cell that is secreting hormones to influence GI function
enteroendocrine cell
enteroendocrine cells are sensitive to? secrete out which side?
sensitive to luminal contents
secrete out basal side
secretory cell involved in host defense?
paneth cell
paneth cell
secretory cell involved in host defense located close to the lumen where pathogens are located
intrinsic innervation of the GI tract?
enteric nervous system
mucous vs serous glands?
M - pale, basal nucleus, secrete glycosylated mucins apically
S - secretes darker material (proteases)
teeth development
ameloblasts (from ectoderm) –> enamel
odontoblasts (from mesenchyme via neural crest) –> dentin
ameloblasts make
enamel
odontoblasts make
dentin
dentin
made by odontoblasts
alive - has cells and nerves in it –> can produce pain
(IN A root canal, you destroy the nerve)
what connects the tooth to alveolar bone?
peridontal membrane and cementum
types of papillae on tongue
filiform - pointy, in midline
fungiform - rounded, near front
foliate - rows of bumps on posterior
circumvallate - large broad posterior
light staining blobs on the side of tongue papillae?
taste buds
taste bud
neuroepithelium with sensory cells resting on the same basement membrane as stratified squamous epithelium
the sensory cells make synaptic contact with nerve fibers that cross basement membrane
5 tastes? how taste works?
bitter, sweet, sour, salt, umami
sour uses presence of acid
sour and salt use channels
sweet, umami, and bitter use ligand-receptor system
what tastes use ligand-receptor system?
sweet
bitter
umami
largest salivary gland
parotid
salivary glands release…
exocrine secretion of glycoproteins iin a fluid vesicle into ducts
salivary fluid is secreted by
acinar cells and some duct epithelia
what determines volume/ionic concentration?
ducts
saliva content
1-1.5 L water
K, Na, bicarbonate, and Cl ions
enzymes, glycoproteins, antibacterial agents, Immunoglobulins
lymphocytes and shedding epithelia
saliva initiates digestion of
fats (lingual lipase) and carbs (amylase)
parasympathetic stimuates of salivary glands leads to
copious flow (vasodilation) and low in organic contents
sympathetic stimulation of salivary glands leads to
reduced flow (vasoconstriction) and rich in organic contents
submandibular gland has both ____ and ____
mucous and serous acini
acinar cell
produced glycoprotein
ion transport drives water transfer to lumen
ductal reabsorption mechanics
epithelia exchange Na (reabsorb na) for K; extent depends on rate of flow
also sends bicarbonate into lumen in exchange for Cl
(Na and Cl reabsorbed; K and bicarb secreted)
____ at low flow; closer to ____at high flow
hypotonic at low flow
isotonic at high flow
in comparison to submandibular….the parotid gland…
parotid has almost NO mucous acini– mostly just serous with many adipocytes
sublingual gland
MOSTLY mucous with MULTIPLE large ducts
submandibular and parotid only have one…
duct
vs sublingual with many
foregut visceral pain is usually felt..
epigastrium
midgut pain is usually felt in
preumbilical region
LARP
location of vagus nerve –> left goes anterior and right goes posterior
the esophagus has no ____ layer
serosa
the primitive intestinal loop when viewed from the front undergoes a rotation of ____ degrees in a _________ direction, placing the ______ in the RLQ
axis of rotation is the ___
270
counterclockwise
cecum
SMA
longitudinal bands along outside of the colon
teniae coli
branches from the splenic artery to the stomach fundus are
short gastric arteries
ligament of treitz
ligament where the duodenum exits the retroperitineum and becomes the jejenum
what distinguishes the jejenum from the ileum
size of the lumen
plicae circulares
and the length of the vasa recta
the uncinate process is
at the head of the pancreas
three branches of celiac axis
left gastric
common hepatic
splenic
arteries
liver is divided into two lobes by a plane joining the…..
gallbladder and IVC
