anatomy Flashcards by nancy Gillcrist

portal triad is within the

(proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct) hepatoduodenal ligament

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gastrohepatic ligament is inside the

lesser omentum

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falciform ligaments connects

liver to the anterior abd wall

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gastrohepatic ligament connects

liver to lesser curvature of stomach; contains gastric arteries may be cut to access lower sac

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gastrosplenic ligament

connects greater curvature to spleen; contains short gastrics and left gastroepiploics;

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what separates greater and lesser sacs on the left?

gastrosplenic ligament

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splenorenal ligament

connects spleen to posterior abd wall; contains splenic vessels

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to control bleeding in portal triad, you can compress the..

hepatoduodenal ligament (pringle maneuver)

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layers of gut wall from inside to outside

MSMS mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa) submucosa (includes submucosal plexus = meissners) muscularis externa (includes myenteric plexus = auerbachs plexus) serosa (when intraperitoneal)/adventitia (when retro)

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muscularis externa has two layers –>

inner circular layer outer longitudinal layer

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plicae circularis are where?

jejenum and proximal ileum

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peyers patches are where?

ileum

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largest number of goblet cells in small intestine?

ileum

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colon has _____ but no ____

crypts of lieberkuhn; villi

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SMA syndrome

transverse (3rd) part of duodenum gets trapped between SMA and aorta –> causes intestinal obstruction

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top to bottom middle three: celiac trunk (t12), SMA (L1), IMA (L3)

right : right renal a, right gonadal a

left: left inferior phrenic a, left middle suprarenal a, left gonadal a, left common iliac –> int and ext iliac a
bottom: mediac sacral a

bifurcation at L4

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foregut artery and parasympathetic innervation

celiac

vagus

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midgut artery and innervation

SMA and vagus

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hindgut artery and innervation

IMA and pelvic nerve

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branches of celiac trunk

common hepatic, splenic and left gastric

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signs of portal HTN

varices of gut, butt, caput (esophagus, umbilicus, and rectum)

left gastric –> esophageal

paraumbilical –> epigastric veins of anterior abd wall (caput medusae)

superior rectal –> middle and inferior rectal (anorectal varices - NOT internal hemorrhoids)

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hiatal hernia

stomach herniates up through esophageal hiatus in diaphragm

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indirect inguinal hernia

through internal inguinal ring

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direct inguinal hernia

through inguinal triangle

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where are the stem cells of GI tract? stomach vs intestines?

intestinal crypts higher in the stomach vs in the pit of the gland of intestines

secretory cell that is secreting hormones to influence GI function

enteroendocrine cell

enteroendocrine cells are sensitive to? secrete out which side?

sensitive to luminal contents secrete out basal side

secretory cell involved in host defense?

paneth cell

secretory cell involved in host defense located close to the lumen where pathogens are located

intrinsic innervation of the GI tract?

enteric nervous system

mucous vs serous glands?

M - pale, basal nucleus, secrete glycosylated mucins apically S - secretes darker material (proteases)

teeth development

ameloblasts (from ectoderm) --\> enamel odontoblasts (from mesenchyme via neural crest) --\> dentin

ameloblasts make

enamel

odontoblasts make

dentin

made by odontoblasts alive - has cells and nerves in it --\> can produce pain (IN A root canal, you destroy the nerve)

what connects the tooth to alveolar bone?

peridontal membrane and cementum

types of papillae on tongue

filiform - pointy, in midline fungiform - rounded, near front foliate - rows of bumps on posterior circumvallate - large broad posterior

light staining blobs on the side of tongue papillae?

taste buds

taste bud

neuroepithelium with sensory cells resting on the same basement membrane as stratified squamous epithelium the sensory cells make synaptic contact with nerve fibers that cross basement membrane

5 tastes? how taste works?

bitter, sweet, sour, salt, umami sour uses presence of acid sour and salt use channels sweet, umami, and bitter use ligand-receptor system

what tastes use ligand-receptor system?

sweet bitter umami

largest salivary gland

parotid

salivary glands release...

exocrine secretion of glycoproteins iin a fluid vesicle into ducts

salivary fluid is secreted by

acinar cells and some duct epithelia

what determines volume/ionic concentration?

ducts

saliva content

1-1.5 L water K, Na, bicarbonate, and Cl ions enzymes, glycoproteins, antibacterial agents, Immunoglobulins lymphocytes and shedding epithelia

saliva initiates digestion of

fats (lingual lipase) and carbs (amylase)

parasympathetic stimuates of salivary glands leads to

copious flow (vasodilation) and low in organic contents

sympathetic stimulation of salivary glands leads to

reduced flow (vasoconstriction) and rich in organic contents

submandibular gland has both ____ and \_\_\_\_

mucous and serous acini

acinar cell

produced glycoprotein ion transport drives water transfer to lumen

ductal reabsorption mechanics

epithelia exchange Na (reabsorb na) for K; extent depends on rate of flow also sends bicarbonate into lumen in exchange for Cl (Na and Cl reabsorbed; K and bicarb secreted)

\_\_\_\_ at low flow; closer to \_\_\_\_at high flow

hypotonic at low flow isotonic at high flow

in comparison to submandibular....the parotid gland...

parotid has almost NO mucous acini-- mostly just serous with many adipocytes

sublingual gland

MOSTLY mucous with MULTIPLE large ducts

submandibular and parotid only have one...

duct vs sublingual with many

foregut visceral pain is usually felt..

epigastrium

midgut pain is usually felt in

preumbilical region

LARP

location of vagus nerve --\> left goes anterior and right goes posterior

the esophagus has no ____ layer

serosa

the primitive intestinal loop when viewed from the front undergoes a rotation of ____ degrees in a _________ direction, placing the ______ in the RLQ axis of rotation is the \_\_\_

270 counterclockwise cecum SMA

longitudinal bands along outside of the colon

teniae coli

branches from the splenic artery to the stomach fundus are

short gastric arteries

ligament of treitz

ligament where the duodenum exits the retroperitineum and becomes the jejenum

what distinguishes the jejenum from the ileum

size of the lumen plicae circulares and the length of the vasa recta

the uncinate process is

at the head of the pancreas

three branches of celiac axis

left gastric common hepatic splenic arteries

liver is divided into two lobes by a plane joining the.....

gallbladder and IVC