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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Two muscles in the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator ani

Coccygeus

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2
Q

Three muscles that make up levator ani?

A

Puborectalis

pubococcygeus

iliococcygeus

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3
Q

Two triangles that the perineum can be divided into?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

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4
Q

Brief description of the sympathetic and parasympathetic output to the female genital tract?

A

Sympathetic comes from Superior hypogastric and joins with the parasympathetic from the inferior hypogastric and then travels to the uterovaginal plexus

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5
Q

In the fetus what cell stage of maturation do eggs undergo, when do they stop?

A

Beigin Meiosis I but are halted at prophase

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6
Q

Stages of female follicular development?

A

Primordial

Primary

Secondary (pre-antral)

Tertiary (antral)

Corpus luteum (to corpus albicans 14 days non-pregnant and 3 months if pregnant)

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7
Q

What are the microscopic changes that occur from the development of primary follicle to secondary and then tertiary?

A

Thecal cells form two layers: theca interna and Externa

(secondary) Fluid filled space forms in granulosa cells - antrum

Single layer of granulosa cells = corona radiata

the stalk = cumulus oorphorus

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8
Q

Before ovulation what stage of the cell cycle does the egg complete and get stopped at?

A

Completes meiosis I and continues to Meiosis II which is stopped at metaphase

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9
Q

Four sections of the fallopian tube?

A

Fimbrae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and intramural segment

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10
Q

Three sections of the uterus?

A

Cervix, body and fundus

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11
Q

Accessory glands of the male genital tract?

A

Prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands

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12
Q

The name of the two tissues that surround the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis

Tunica albuginea

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13
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules, rete testes and epididymus of the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules - coiled tubules where spermatogenesis occurs

Rete testes - the posterior part of the testes where the seminiferous tubules collect

Epididymus - tightly coiled tube that spermatozoa can travel in, with stereocilia

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14
Q

Types of cells in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenic cells

Sertoli cells - support the spermatogenic cells

Leydig cells

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15
Q

What is the ductus deferens?

A

Transports spermatozoa from tail of epididymus to urethra

Has tall columnar ciliated epithelium

Thick muscular tube that is also capable of strong contractions during ejaculation

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16
Q

Accessory gland functions in male genital tract?

A

Seminal vesicles produce 60% of volume, paired

Prostate produces 25%

Bulbourethral gland secretes alkaline and mucus preceding ejaculation to lubricate the urethra

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17
Q

What are the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis?

A

2 corpus cavernosa - erectile tissue

1 corpus spongiosum around urethra, contimuous with bulb of penis

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18
Q

Steps of the formation of the primitive sex cords?

A
  1. Mesonephros develops gonadal ridges
  2. Primordial germ cells migrate into gonadal ridges
  3. Arrival of germ cells induces cells to form the primitive sex cords
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19
Q

How does differentiation to form the testes occur in the developing embryo?

A

Primitive sex cords develop to form the testicular cords

Fibrous tissue begins to form the tunica albuginea

Leydig cells produce testosterone in week 8 - influences development of ducts and external genitalia

By fourth month testicular cords contain spermatogonia and sertoli cells

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20
Q

How does differentiation to form the ovaries occur in the developing embryo?

A

Lack of Y chromosome prevents differentiation into testes

Primitive sex cords extend from cortex to medulla

Form clusters and degenerate to form vascula stroma of ovary

Surface epithelium form cortical cords that form ovarian follicles

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21
Q

What is allometric and isometric growth?

A

Allometric - Change in shape during growth

Isometric - Growth without shape change

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22
Q

Changes to respiratory and cardiovascular system after birth

A

Closure of ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus and umbilical arteries

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23
Q

When does the fontanelle close?

A

Year 2

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24
Q

Phases of growth and development?

A

Fetus: before birth

Neonate: at time of birth

Infancy: 4 weeks - 2 Years

Childhood: Between infancy and adolescence

Adolescence 10/12 - 20yrs: begins at puberty, ends around 20 years

Adulthood

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25
Different types of ossification?
Endochondral Intramembranous: dermal/perichondral
26
What is dermal ossification?
A type of intramembranous ossification Does not use a cartilage template, uses the flat bones of the skull/mandible
27
Precess of endochondral ossification?
Begins with a cartilage scaffold (anlage) Bony collar forms (via perichondral ossification) Chondrocytes in bony collar die and send out angiogenic signals There is vascular invasion Osteoblasts are delivered and they begin to ossify from the centre
28
What can epiphyseal growth plates sometimes be misinterpreted as on x-rays?
As fractures, can lead to false accusations of abuse
29
Arterial supply to the breast?
Internal thoracic artery | Lateral thoracic artery
30
Venous drainage of the breast?
Axillary vein and internal thoracic vein
31
The lymph nodes that drain the breast?
Axillary lymph nodes Parasternal lymph nodes
32
What artery does the anterior-superior pancreato-duodenal artery arise from?
Gastroduodenal
33
What artery does the inferior pancreato-duodenal artery arise from?
Superior mesenteric
34
What are the three arteries that supply the adrenal gland?
Superior/middle/inferior suprarenal artery
35
From what arteries do the Superior/middle/inferior suprarenal arteries arise from?
Superior - from inferior phrenic Middle - from aorta Inferior from Renal
36
Two arteries that supply the thyroid and where they arise from?
Superior thyroid - From the External carotid Inferior thyroid - From the Subclavian
37
Where does that subcostal nerve emerge from?
Below the 12th rib
38
What does the ileohypogastric nerve transverse across?
Transversus abdominis
39
Order of lumbar nerves from superior to inferior?
``` Subcostal Ileohypogastric Ileoinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Femoral nerve Obturator nerve Sciatic nerve Pudendal nerve ```
40
What are the three layers covering the testis (made from them descending retroperitoneally) made from?
Internal spermatic fascia - transversalis fascia Cremaster muscle transversalis abdominis and inner oblique External spermatic fascia - external oblique
41
The two uterine pouches, their names?
Retrouterine pouch - between uterus and rectum Uterovesicular pouch - between uterus and bladder
42
Main divisions of the pudendal nerve?
Dorsal nerve to penis Deep perineal (over pelvic floor) Superficial perineal (becomes posterior scrotal -male or labial -Femal Inferior rectal nerve
43
Two main cells of the pituitary gland, how they stain and the hormones they produce?
Basophil - darkly stained - ACTH, TSH and LH/FSH Acidophil - lightly stained - GH, Prolactin
44
Arterial supply to the pituitary gland?
Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries
45
Where does the blood and the hormones of the pituitary gland drain to?
The cavernous sinus (through hypophyseal vein)
46
Two cells in the thyroid gland, and what they secrete?
Follicular cells - produce thyroglobulin which is converted to T3 and T4 before release Parafollicular cells - secrete calcitonin
47
Cells in the parathyroid glands and what they do?
Chief cells - PTH synthesis Oxyphil cell - no secretion (large cytoplasm) Adipocyte - Fat storage (very large and white)
48
Lymph drainage from the thyroid gland?
Deep and superficial cervical nodes
49
Fascia that encloses the thyroid gland?
Pretracheal fascia (on outside) Inner fascia (on inside)
50
Blood supply to the parathyroid glands?
Inferior thyroid arteries
51
Cancer/enlargement of the thyroid gland can compress what structures?
Trachea/oesophagus/veins Difficulty breathing and swallowing
52
Three types of cells in the pancreas and their secretions?
Alpha cells - Glucagon Beta cells - Insulin Delta cells - Somatostatin
53
Cells in the medulla of the adrenal gland?
Chromaffin cells
54
How do hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland get secreted into the bloodstream?
Through thin walled vessels called sinusoids that travel to the medulla
55
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands?
Single suprarenal vein, on right drains into renal vein and on the right the inferior vena cava
56
Two muscles of the lumbar spine region that support it?
Erector spinae muscle and transversospinales muscle
57
What ligaments stabilise the sacroiliac joints?
Anterior and posterior interosseous ligaments
58
The three different types of pelvis shapes, and who they usually belong to?
Android - either male of female (heart shaped) Anthropoid - usually male (thinner and longer) Gynecoid - Usually female (wider and shorter)
59
The acetabulum in males and females differs how?
Male - deeper
60
What is the linea alba?
Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall that have joined in a midline raphe
61
The layers of the thoracolumbar fascia?
Posterior layer - thick and strong covering posterior surface of erector spinae Middle layer - Lies between erector spinae and quadratus lumborum Anterior layer - thin, covers anterior surface of quadratus lumborum
62
What is the rectus sheath?
The fascia covering the rectus abdomis that is adherent to the intersections between the rectus abdominis
63
Actions of psoas major?
Flexion of hip joint
64
Actions of quadratus lumborum?
Bend the trunk ipsilaterally
65
Actions of transversus abdominis?
Flex and rotate the trunk
66
Actions of iliacus?
Flexion and external rotation of the hip joint
67
What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?
The inguinal ligament
68
What is the deep inguinal ring and the superficial inguinal ring?
The deep inguinal ring: The opening in the transversalis fascia that the fascia extends through to the inguinal canal The superficial inguinal ring is the ring that the inguinal canal ends at the medial end of the inguinal ligament
69
What does the inguinal canal contain in the male and in the female?
Female: round ligament of uterus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve Male: Vas deferens, testicular artery/veins, nerves and lympatics. And genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
70
Spinal nerve root value for iliohypogastric nerve? Distribution?
L1 - abdominal muscles and skin of inguinal/pubic ares
71
Spinal nerve root value for ilioinguinal nerve? Distribution?
L1 - skin of penis and scrotum in males, skin covering mons pubis and labia majora in females
72
Genitofemoral nerve root value for genitofemoral nerve? Distribution?
L1-L2 : Femoral branch: skin over femoral triangle Genital branch: cremaster muscle, scrotum in males, mons pubis and labia majora in females
73
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve spinal root value and distribution?
L2-L3: cutaneous innervation to lateral thigh
74
Femoral nerve spinal root value and distribution?
L2-L4: Hip/knee flexors
75
Obturator nerve spinal root value and distribution?
L2-4: adductors of the thigh
76
What is the tunica vaginalis, in the male?
The layer of fascia that is directly around the testes
77
Where do the left and right testicular arteries arise from?
The left from the abdominal aorta The right from the right renal artery
78
What is the pampiniform plexus?
The venous plexus that forms around each testicle, in the scrotum
79
Where do sympathetic fibres that supply the testicle arise from?
T10
80
Lymph nodes that drain the testicles?
Para-aortic nodes (epigastric)
81
Two parts of the prostate gland?
Glandular part, fibromuscular part Also two lobes connected by an isthmus
82
Arterial supply of the prostate?
Prostatic arteries, branches from inferior vesicle, middle rectal and pudendal (all off internal iliac)
83
What are the mesosalpinx and mesovarium?
Mesosalpinx - Portion of the mesentery (broad ligament) covering the fallopian tube Moesovarium - portion of the mesentery (broad ligament) coving the ovaries
84
Blood supply to the ovaries?
The ovarian arteries, branch from the abdominal aorta
85
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
The mesentery of the broad ligament that attaches the ovaries to the ligament
86
Venous drainage to the uterus?
Uterine plexuses draining to the internal iliac veins Left to left renal vein Right to inferior vena cava
87
Cervical canal epithelium?
Simple columnar mucus secreting
88
The ectocervix's (part that projects into vagina) epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
89
Arterial/lymph and venous supply to the vagina?
Arterial from internal iliac arteries Venous is from venous plexuses to internal iliac Iliac lymph nodes above the hymen and superficial inguinal below
90
How is the peritoneal space in males and females different? Clinical implications?
On males it is closed In females it communicates with the uterine tube and is open Means genital tract infections can spread to the peritoneum in the female
91
Lymph drainage of the uterus?
Fundus - pre-aortic nodes Body and cervix - iliac nodes
92
Nerve supply to the uterus and vagina?
Sympathetics from T10-L2 form the uterovaginal plexus Parasympathetics S2-4 are pelvic splanchnics Inferior aspect of the vagina is the pudendal nerve Visceral afferents for body and fundus of uterus travel with T10 and 11, visceral afferents to cervix and vagina travel with pelvic splanchnics to S2-4
93
Parietal branches of the internal iliac artery in male and female?
``` Iliolumbar Lateral sacral Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Internal pudendal Obturator ```
94
Visceral branches of the internal iliac (female)?
Uterine artery Vaginal artery Superior vesicle (to bladder) Middle rectal
95
Visceral branches of the internal iliac (male)?
Superior vesicle Inferior vesicle Middle rectal
96
Lymph from the testis and epididymus/scrotum/seminal vesicles and prostate and vas deferens drain to which nodes?
Testis and epididymus to para-aortic Scrotum to superficial inguinal Seminal vesicles/prostate/vas deferens to internal iliac
97
The muscles which form a sling around prostate or vagina are what muscles?
Levator prostate or sphincter vagina
98
What ligaments hold the cervix in place?
Transverse cervical ligaments (superior end of vagina to lateral pelvic wall. Pubocervical ligaments and sacrocervical ligaments connect the cervix to the pubis and sacrum respectively
99
What muscle stretches below the perineal membrane over the urethra?
Sphincter urethrae
100
What are the spaces below the urogenital triangle of the perineum called, what separates them?
Superficial and deep perineal pouches Separated by the perineal membrane - the superficial is superficial to the membrane
101
What is the perineal body?
Small wedge shaped mass of fibrous tissue in the midline between the deep and superficial perineal pouches
102
The crus of the penis on both sides become what in the male?
Corpora cavernosa of the penis
103
the Corpus spongiosum becomes what on the deeper part of the penis?
The bulb of the penis
104
What two muscles cover the corpus spongiosum and cavernosa on males?
Corpus spongiosum is covered by bulbospongiosus Corpus cavernosa is covered by the ischiocavernosa muscles
105
What is the labia majora and minora?
The surrounding tissue to the vaginal vestibule, the minora the inner and the majora the outer
106
What is the erectile tissue on either side of the vestibule, in the superficial perineal pouch called? What muscle lies superficial to it?
The bulb of the vestibule, Bulbospongiosus
107
What tissue lies below the ischiocavernosa in the female, that connects to the clitoris?
Ischiocavernosa
108
What fossae are deep to the skin of the ischioanal fossae?
Wedge shaped compartments either side of the anal canal Filled with fat and connective tissue
109
What nerve supplies the perineum? What are the spinal root values of this nerve?
Pudendal nerve S2,3 and 4
110
Two branches of the pudendal nerve?
Penile/clitoral nerve Perineal nerve
111
Arterial supply to the perineum?
Internal pudendal artery
112
Lymphatic drainage of the perineum?
To the superficial inguinal nodes
113
What is the sharp bend in the rectum at the anorectal junction called, what causes this bend?
Perineal flexure - maintained by the puborectalis muscle
114
What is the rectovesical pouch
The puch formed in males by the peritoneum between the rectum and bladder
115
Arteries to the penis?
Deep and dorsal arteries from the internal pudendal artery Deep - erectile Dorsal - superficial
116
Basic process of fertilisation, cleavage and implantation in the developing embryo?
After fertilisation the oocyte becomes the zygote. The zygote divides (cleavage) to form many cells, the morula The Morula at day 5 is reorganised to form an inner cell mass and an outer cell mass, the whole structure is now called the blastocyst The inner cell mass differentiates into a hypoblast (thin layer that doesn't develop) and an epiblast. The space made up by the epiblast is called the amnion or amniotic cavity and the larger space made up by the hypoblast and outer cell mass is the yolk sac The epiblast then differentiates in gastrulation to become the Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
117
Difference in primary and secondary ossification?
Primary is the formation of new bone at the start of life and secondary is the enlargement of bone at later stages of life
118
What are the primary ossification centre and secondary ossification centre called, what are they? what is the epiphyseal growth plate?
The primary ossification centre (diaphysis) is the centre of bone where primary ossification has occurred, and epiphysis is the edges of bone where bones elongate in secondary ossification The epiphyseal growth plate is the specialised cartilage that separates the two
119
Secondary male sex characteristics?
Pubic hair, axillary and facial hair 2 years later broadening of the shoulders and growth of the larynx
120
Secondary female sex characteristics?
Pubic hair at puberty, axillary hair a few years later Broadening of the hips and fat redistribution to the hips and buttocks
121
Main blood supply to the breast?
Mainly by the internal thoracic artery but also by lateral thoracic
122
What thracic spinal segments supply the breast? Through what nerves?
T4 - 6 through anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves
123
Lymph nodes of the breast?
Parasternal Axillary
124
Changes to the breast in pregnancy?
Proliferation of the glandular cells of the breast
125
What is the decidua? What are the three layers?
Portion of the endometrium which lines the uterus that has become modified Decidua basalis Decidua capsularis Decidua parietalis
126
What does the chorionic villi grow into to form the placenta?
The decidua basalis
127
How does oxygenated and nutrient rich blood from the mother get into the fetus?
Leaves the placental via the umbilical vein to reach the fetus at the umbilicus
128
How do waste products and deoxygenated blood return from the fetus to the mother?
Two umbilical arteries (branches of internal iliac - in fetus)

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