anatomy

Question 1

what are the sections of the male urethra?

Answer 1

prostatic (3m) membranous (2cm) and penile (15cm)

Question 2

where is the voluntary sphincter muscle around the urethra?

Answer 2

muscles of the pelvic diaphragm around the membranous part

Question 3

what is each erectile tissue compartment lined by?

Answer 3

tunica albuginea

Question 4

where are the bartholian glands and what do they secrete?

Answer 4

postero-lateral border of vagina, secrete mucous to lubricate the vagina.

Question 5

give the sections of the uterine tube, medially to laterally.

Answer 5

isthmus, ampulla (wider), infundibulum, fimbria (finger like projections that wrap themselves around the ovaries)

Question 6

how long is the proliferating phase of the endometrium?

Answer 6

10 days

Question 7

how do you find the deep inguinal ring?

Answer 7

midway along inguinal ligament - between ASIS and pubic tubercle.

Question 8

where do the testivular veins drain into?

Answer 8

right into IVC, left into renal vein.

Question 9

what are the layers outside the kidney and what is the clinical significance of this?

Answer 9

capsule, perinephric fat, fascia. limits the spread of disease

Question 10

what is the order of vessels entering/leaving the kidney

Answer 10

VAUA.

Question 11

name the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.

Answer 11

psoas major and minor. iliacus. quadrates lumborum

Question 12

what are the names of the arcuate ligaments? what is their function?

Answer 12

median, medial, lateral. link left and right crura of diaphragm.

Question 13

describe the anatomy of the kidneys.

Answer 13

renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pyramid, renal pelvis, renal sinuses, major calyx, minor calyx.

Question 14

what are the shapes of each adrenal gland? which one is lower and why?

Answer 14

right = tetrahedral = lower because of right lobe of liver, left = crescent

Question 15

what is the blood supply of the adrenals?

Answer 15

inf phrenic, ab aorta, renal artery

Question 16

what is the venous drainage ?

Answer 16

right adrenal vein drains into IVC, left into renal vein.

Question 17

give the descending branches of the abdominal aorta in order?

Answer 17

celiac trunk (T12), superior mesenteric (L1) and middle suprarenal, renal (L2), gonadal, inferior mesenteric(L3), right and left common iliac (L4).

Question 18

describe the venous drainage of the gonadal arteries?

Answer 18

right into IVC, left into renal.

Question 19

how is the diaphragm attached to the vertebrae?

Answer 19

crura of the diaphragm. right arise from L1-L3 and fibres wrap around the oesophagus to create the lower oesophageal sphincter. left arises from L1-2

Question 20

what does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate?

Answer 20

lateral thing from L2-3. runs over iliacus

Question 21

which nerves innervate the sections of the thigh?

Answer 21

anterior = femoral. medial = obturator apart from hamstring part of the adductor magnus. posterior = sciatic.

Question 22

name the bones that make up the pelvis bone?

Answer 22

ilium, ischium, pubis and sacrum. obturator foramen and sciatic foramen (made by ligament and bone)

Question 23

what are the pelvic contents?

Answer 23

bladder, female repro organs, rectum.

Question 24

describe the structure of the bladder.

Answer 24

two uretal opening. posterior, two anterior and superior. trigone lies on posterior surface. rugae of mucosa, single external urethral opening with smooth muscle surrounding. external urethral opening surrounded by skeletal muscle sphincter. periosteum overlies bladder.

Question 25

what joins the two uretal openings?

Answer 25

interureteric bar. muscle.

Question 26

describe the course of the vas deferens.

Answer 26

ascend away from the testes and in the spermatic cord, enter the inguinal ring, exit the inguinal ring and loop over ureters to descend towards seminal vesicles. embryologically, the testes travelled through the inguinal canal which is why the 30cm cord is looped over the ureters.

Question 27

what are the branches of L1?

Answer 27

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal.

Question 28

what are the boundaries of the diamond perineal area?

Answer 28

anteriorly = pubic symphsis. laterally = ischial tuberosities, posterior = tip of coccyx