Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the order of the respiratory tree?
A
Trachea Main Bronchi Lobar Bronchi Segmental Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
2
Q
What are the parts of the pharynx?
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
3
Q
What level of the vertebra does the larynx become the trachea?
A
C6
4
Q
What level of the vertebra does the pharynx become the oesophagus?
A
C6
5
Q
From superficial to deep, name the parts of the chest wall?
the soma
A
Skin Superficial Fascia Deep Fascia Skeletal Muscle Bone/joints Parietal pleura
6
Q
What fluid does the pleura secrete?
A
Pleural fluid
7
Q
What is the function of the pleural fluid?
A
Lubrication
Provides surface tension
8
Q
Name the lobes and fissures of the right lung?
A
Lobes: superior, middle, inferior
Fissures: horizontal and oblique
9
Q
Name the lobes and fissures of the left lung?
A
Lobes: superior, inferior
Fissures: oblique
10
Q
How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?
A
10
11
Q
The sternal angle is at the level of what rib?
A
Rib 2
T4/5
12
Q
What are the spaces between each rib called?
A
intercostal spaces
13
Q
Describe the 12 thoracic ribs.
A
1-7: True ribs
8-10: False ribs
11+12: Floating ribs
14
Q
What is the name of the combined lower costal cartilages?
A
costal margin
15
Q
The ribs articulate with the sternum via what?
A
the rib’s costal cartiglage
16
Q
What is the name of the joints that join the rib to the vertebra?
A
Costovertebral joints
17
Q
What is the name of the joints that join the rib to costal cartilage?
A
Costochondral joints
18
Q
What is hte name of the joints that join the sternum to the costal cartilage?
A
Sternocostal joints (synovial)
19
Q
What are the 3 layers of skeletal muscles located between the ribs?
A
external intercostal muscle
internal intercostal muscle
innermost intercostal muscl
20
Q
what are the muscles of passive breathing?
A
diaphragm
intercostal muscles
21
Q
What is the blood supply of the anterior parts of the intercostal spaces?
A
Internal thoracic artery and veins
run parasternally
22
Q
What is the blood supply of the 11 pairs of intercostal spaces?
(ie chest wall?)
A
bilateral posterior intercostal arteries
23
Q
What is the arterial blood supply for the lungs?
A
bronchial arteries
24
Q
where do the bronchial arteries arise from?
A
thoracic aortas anterior surface
25
There are 2 domes of the diaphragm. Which dome is more superior?
the right dome due to the presence of the liver inferiorly
26
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
| skeletal or smooth
skeletal muscle
27
What is the muscular part of the diaphragm's nerve supply?
phrenic nerve
| combined C3,4,5 anterior rami
28
What is the route of the phrenic nerve?
- Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior
| - Lateral aspects of the fibrous pericardium
29
During inspiration, how does the diaphragm move?
Contracts and descends thus increasing the vertical chest cavity dimension
30
During inspiration how do the intercostal muscles move?
Contract, elevating the ribs and pulling the ribs laterally and anteriorly thus increasing AP and lateral chest caivty dimensions
31
What 2 things cause the lungs to be pulled outwards with the chest wall?
1. surface tension created by the pleural fluid
| 2. the potential vacuum in the pleural cavity
32
During expiration how does the diaphragm move?
relaxes and ascends thus decreasing the vertical chest cavity dimension
33
During expiration how do the intercostal muscles move?
relax and return ribs to the resting position thus decreasing the AP and lateral chest cavity dimensions.
34
The elastic tissue within the lungs allow what?
elastic recoil of the lungs during inspiration and expiration
35
From superficial to deep, name the tissue of the breast.
```
Superficial fascia
Pectoralis fascia
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
RIbs/Intercostal muscle
Parietal Pleura
```
36
Lateral quadrants of the breast drain to which nodes?
Unilateral drainage to axillary nodes
37
Medical quadrants of the breast drain to which nodes?
Bilateral drainage to parasternal nodes
38
Name the two heads of the pectoralis major.
Clavicular head
| Sternocostal head
39
The two heads of the pectoralis major attach laterally to where?
The lateral side of the intertubercular groove of the humerous
40
What is the muscle that anchors the medial border of the scapula to ribs 1 to 8?
Serratus anterior
41
What nerve supplies the serratus anterior?
The long thoracic nerve
| a nerve from the brachial plexus
42
Within the costal groove what is the order of the neurovascular bundle?
(superficial to deep)
VAN
| vein, artery, nerve
43
What is located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura?
Costodiaphragmatic recess
44
The horizontal fissure of the right lung follows which rib?
Right rib 4
45
The oblique fissures run from which rib to which vertebra?
| anterior to posterior
rib 6 anteriorly to T3 posteriorly
46
Why do we cough?
To protect and clear our respiratory tract
47
Sensory receptors in the mucosa of the respiratory tree are stimulated by what 4 things?
1. inflammatory mediators
2. irritant chemicals
3. a build up of mucus
4. certain drugs
48
in an up right patient, which lobe are foreign bodies most likely to be inhaled?
inferior lobe of the right lung
49
What is the name of the internal aspect of tracheal bifurcation?
Carina
50
What 2 ways can air enter the pleural cavity?
1. penetrating injury to the parietal pleura
| 2. rupture of the visceral pleura
51
how big must the gap between lung and parietal pleura be to be called a 'large' pneumothorax?
2cm
52
What would you find on percussion of a pnemothorax?
hyper-resonance
53
What would find on bilateral expansion of the chest of a pneumothorax?
reduced ipsilateral expansion
54
What would you find on auscultation of a pneumothorax?
reduced breath sounds
55
What might a tension pneumothorax cause?
tracheal deviation, SVC compression (leading to hypotension)
56
What 2 methods are used for managing a large pneumothorax managed?
(non-emergency)
1. needle aspiration (thoracentesis)
| 2. chest drain via 4/5 intercostal space in the midaxillary line)
57
What are the borders of the safe triangle?
- the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi
- the posterior border of the pectoralis major
- the axial line superior to the nipple
58
How do you manage an emergency tension pneumothorax?
large gauge cannula into the 2/3 intercostal space, midclavicular line
59
2 factors required for the development of the hernia?
1. weakness (usuallly of the body wall)
| 2. increased pressure on one side of the wall
60
What is it called when the herniated part of the stomach passes through the oesophageal hiatus and becomes PARALLEL to the oesophagus?
paraoesophageal hiatus hernia
61
What is it called when the herniated of stomach slides through the oesophageal hiatus WITH the gastrooesophageal junction?
sliding hiatus hernia
62
What is the weakness that is a factor for inguinal hernias?
the inguinal canal
63
What are possible causes for the increased intra-abdominal pressure leading to an inguinal hernia?
chronic cough, chronic constipation, lifting of heavy weights, athletic effort
64
What do the inguinal ligaments attach between?
ASIS and the pubic tubercle
65
What is the inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis?
inguinal ligaments
66
What is the passageway through the anterior abdominal wall in the inguinal regions called?
inguinal canal
67
Where is the deep ring of the inguinal canal?
superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
68
Where is the superficial ring?
in the external oblique aponeurosis, superolateral to the pubic tubercle
69
what does the spermatic cord contain?
vas deferens, testicular artery and the pampiniform venous plexus
70
where do the round ligaments of the uterus pass through?
the inguinal canals into the labium majus
71
What is a direct inguinal hernia?
Herniation through the anterior abdominal wall via the inguinal triangle
(medial to the inferior epigastric artery and vein)
72
What is an indirect hernia?
herniation through the inguinal canal via the deep ring (lateral to the inferior epigastic artery and vein)
73
what does adduction of the vocal cords cause?
closes the rima glottidis
74
what nerve stimulated the adduction and abdution of the vocal cords?
vagus nerve (CN X)
75
What does abduction of the vocal cords cause?
opens the rima glottidis
76
What nerve causes the soft palate to tense?
Trigeminal (CN V)
77
what nerve causes the soft palate to elevate?
Vagus (X)
78
What nerve supplies the sensory receptors of the oropharynx involved in coughing?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
79
What nerves supplies the sensory receptors of the oropharynx, larynpharynx and larynx involved in sneezing?
Trigeminal (V) and Glosopharyngeal (Ix)
80
What does the carotid sheath contain?
The vagus nerve, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein.
81
What nerve supplies the sensory receptors of the laryngopharynx and the larynx involved in coughing?
The vagus nerve (X)
82
what are the 4 sets of accessory muscles of deep inspiration?
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
sternocleiodmastoid
scalenus (anterior, medius and posterior)
83
what type of muscle are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
| smooth or skeletal
skeletal muscle
84
the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by which nerve?
Vagus nerve (CN x)
85
which foramen in the base of the skull does the vagus nerve pass through?
jugular foramen
| then descends through carotid sheath
86
Do the vagus nerves descend anterior or posterior to the lung root?
posterior
87
what are the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?
external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus
88
the aponeurosis's of the anterolateral abdominal muscle blend at what midline structure?
linea alba
89
what is the name of where the anterolateral abdominal muscle fibres end and the aponeurosis begins?
the linea semilunaris
90
the external intercostal and external obliques run in which direction?
inferomedially (as if hands go in pockets)
91
the internal intercostal and internal obliques run in which direction?
superomedially
92
the external obliques attach inferiorly where?
anterior part of the iliac crest and the pubic tubercle
93
the external obliques attach superiorly where?
superficial aspects of the lower ribs
94
the internal obliques attach inferiorly where?
the iliac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
95
the internal obliques attach superiorly where?
inferior border of the lower ribs
96
the transversus abdominus muscle fibres run in what direction?
transversely
97
the transversus abdominus attaches superiorly where?
deep aspects of the lower ribs
98
the transversus abdominus attaches inferiorly where?
the iliac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
99
the rectus sheath is composed of what?
the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal obliqe, transvesus abdominus
100
what divides the rectus abdominus? (ie to form a 6 pack)
tendinous intersections
101
from what vertebra do the thoracoabdominal nerves that originate as intercostal nerves leave?
T7 to T11
102
the thoracoabdominal nerves run in a plane between what muscles?
internal oblique and transversus abdominus
103
what vertebra does the subcostal nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave from?
T12 anterior ramus
104
what vertebra does the iliohypogastric nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave from?
half of L1 anterior ramus
105
What type of nerves do the thoracoabdominal nerves contain?
somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres
106
What vertebra does the ilioinguinal nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave?
half of L1 anterior ramus
107
tonic contractions of the abdominal muscles do what?
maintain posture and support the vertebral column
108
What do guarding contractions of abdominal muscles do?
protect the abdominal viscera
109
what do contractions of the abdominal muscles do?
cause movement of the vertebral column. increase intra-abdominal pressure (coughin, defecation micturation, labour)
