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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the respiratory tree?

A 
Trachea
Main Bronchi
Lobar Bronchi
Segmental Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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2
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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3
Q

What level of the vertebra does the larynx become the trachea?

A

C6

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4
Q

What level of the vertebra does the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6

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5
Q

From superficial to deep, name the parts of the chest wall?

the soma

A 
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Skeletal Muscle
Bone/joints
Parietal pleura
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6
Q

What fluid does the pleura secrete?

A

Pleural fluid

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7
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

Lubrication

Provides surface tension

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8
Q

Name the lobes and fissures of the right lung?

A

Lobes: superior, middle, inferior
Fissures: horizontal and oblique

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9
Q

Name the lobes and fissures of the left lung?

A

Lobes: superior, inferior
Fissures: oblique

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10
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

10

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11
Q

The sternal angle is at the level of what rib?

A

Rib 2

T4/5

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12
Q

What are the spaces between each rib called?

A

intercostal spaces

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13
Q

Describe the 12 thoracic ribs.

A

1-7: True ribs
8-10: False ribs
11+12: Floating ribs

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14
Q

What is the name of the combined lower costal cartilages?

A

costal margin

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15
Q

The ribs articulate with the sternum via what?

A

the rib’s costal cartiglage

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16
Q

What is the name of the joints that join the rib to the vertebra?

A

Costovertebral joints

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17
Q

What is the name of the joints that join the rib to costal cartilage?

A

Costochondral joints

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18
Q

What is hte name of the joints that join the sternum to the costal cartilage?

A 
Sternocostal joints
 (synovial)
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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of skeletal muscles located between the ribs?

A

external intercostal muscle
internal intercostal muscle
innermost intercostal muscl

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20
Q

what are the muscles of passive breathing?

A

diaphragm

intercostal muscles

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21
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior parts of the intercostal spaces?

A

Internal thoracic artery and veins

run parasternally

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22
Q

What is the blood supply of the 11 pairs of intercostal spaces?
(ie chest wall?)

A

bilateral posterior intercostal arteries

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23
Q

What is the arterial blood supply for the lungs?

A

bronchial arteries

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24
Q

where do the bronchial arteries arise from?

A

thoracic aortas anterior surface

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25
Q

There are 2 domes of the diaphragm. Which dome is more superior?

A

the right dome due to the presence of the liver inferiorly

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26
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

skeletal or smooth

A

skeletal muscle

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27
Q

What is the muscular part of the diaphragm’s nerve supply?

A

phrenic nerve

combined C3,4,5 anterior rami

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28
Q

What is the route of the phrenic nerve?

A
  • Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior

- Lateral aspects of the fibrous pericardium

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29
Q

During inspiration, how does the diaphragm move?

A

Contracts and descends thus increasing the vertical chest cavity dimension

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30
Q

During inspiration how do the intercostal muscles move?

A

Contract, elevating the ribs and pulling the ribs laterally and anteriorly thus increasing AP and lateral chest caivty dimensions

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31
Q

What 2 things cause the lungs to be pulled outwards with the chest wall?

A
  1. surface tension created by the pleural fluid

2. the potential vacuum in the pleural cavity

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32
Q

During expiration how does the diaphragm move?

A

relaxes and ascends thus decreasing the vertical chest cavity dimension

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33
Q

During expiration how do the intercostal muscles move?

A

relax and return ribs to the resting position thus decreasing the AP and lateral chest cavity dimensions.

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34
Q

The elastic tissue within the lungs allow what?

A

elastic recoil of the lungs during inspiration and expiration

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35
Q

From superficial to deep, name the tissue of the breast.

A 
Superficial fascia
Pectoralis fascia
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
RIbs/Intercostal muscle
Parietal Pleura
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36
Q

Lateral quadrants of the breast drain to which nodes?

A

Unilateral drainage to axillary nodes

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37
Q

Medical quadrants of the breast drain to which nodes?

A

Bilateral drainage to parasternal nodes

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38
Q

Name the two heads of the pectoralis major.

A

Clavicular head

Sternocostal head

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39
Q

The two heads of the pectoralis major attach laterally to where?

A

The lateral side of the intertubercular groove of the humerous

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40
Q

What is the muscle that anchors the medial border of the scapula to ribs 1 to 8?

A

Serratus anterior

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41
Q

What nerve supplies the serratus anterior?

A

The long thoracic nerve

a nerve from the brachial plexus

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42
Q

Within the costal groove what is the order of the neurovascular bundle?
(superficial to deep)

A

VAN

vein, artery, nerve

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43
Q

What is located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

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44
Q

The horizontal fissure of the right lung follows which rib?

A

Right rib 4

45
Q

The oblique fissures run from which rib to which vertebra?

anterior to posterior

A

rib 6 anteriorly to T3 posteriorly

46
Q

Why do we cough?

A

To protect and clear our respiratory tract

47
Q

Sensory receptors in the mucosa of the respiratory tree are stimulated by what 4 things?

A
  1. inflammatory mediators
  2. irritant chemicals
  3. a build up of mucus
  4. certain drugs
48
Q

in an up right patient, which lobe are foreign bodies most likely to be inhaled?

A

inferior lobe of the right lung

49
Q

What is the name of the internal aspect of tracheal bifurcation?

A

Carina

50
Q

What 2 ways can air enter the pleural cavity?

A
  1. penetrating injury to the parietal pleura

2. rupture of the visceral pleura

51
Q

how big must the gap between lung and parietal pleura be to be called a ‘large’ pneumothorax?

A

2cm

52
Q

What would you find on percussion of a pnemothorax?

A

hyper-resonance

53
Q

What would find on bilateral expansion of the chest of a pneumothorax?

A

reduced ipsilateral expansion

54
Q

What would you find on auscultation of a pneumothorax?

A

reduced breath sounds

55
Q

What might a tension pneumothorax cause?

A

tracheal deviation, SVC compression (leading to hypotension)

56
Q

What 2 methods are used for managing a large pneumothorax managed?
(non-emergency)

A
  1. needle aspiration (thoracentesis)

2. chest drain via 4/5 intercostal space in the midaxillary line)

57
Q

What are the borders of the safe triangle?

A
  • the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi
  • the posterior border of the pectoralis major
  • the axial line superior to the nipple
58
Q

How do you manage an emergency tension pneumothorax?

A

large gauge cannula into the 2/3 intercostal space, midclavicular line

59
Q

2 factors required for the development of the hernia?

A
  1. weakness (usuallly of the body wall)

2. increased pressure on one side of the wall

60
Q

What is it called when the herniated part of the stomach passes through the oesophageal hiatus and becomes PARALLEL to the oesophagus?

A

paraoesophageal hiatus hernia

61
Q

What is it called when the herniated of stomach slides through the oesophageal hiatus WITH the gastrooesophageal junction?

A

sliding hiatus hernia

62
Q

What is the weakness that is a factor for inguinal hernias?

A

the inguinal canal

63
Q

What are possible causes for the increased intra-abdominal pressure leading to an inguinal hernia?

A

chronic cough, chronic constipation, lifting of heavy weights, athletic effort

64
Q

What do the inguinal ligaments attach between?

A

ASIS and the pubic tubercle

65
Q

What is the inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis?

A

inguinal ligaments

66
Q

What is the passageway through the anterior abdominal wall in the inguinal regions called?

A

inguinal canal

67
Q

Where is the deep ring of the inguinal canal?

A

superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

68
Q

Where is the superficial ring?

A

in the external oblique aponeurosis, superolateral to the pubic tubercle

69
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A

vas deferens, testicular artery and the pampiniform venous plexus

70
Q

where do the round ligaments of the uterus pass through?

A

the inguinal canals into the labium majus

71
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Herniation through the anterior abdominal wall via the inguinal triangle
(medial to the inferior epigastric artery and vein)

72
Q

What is an indirect hernia?

A

herniation through the inguinal canal via the deep ring (lateral to the inferior epigastic artery and vein)

73
Q

what does adduction of the vocal cords cause?

A

closes the rima glottidis

74
Q

what nerve stimulated the adduction and abdution of the vocal cords?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

75
Q

What does abduction of the vocal cords cause?

A

opens the rima glottidis

76
Q

What nerve causes the soft palate to tense?

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

77
Q

what nerve causes the soft palate to elevate?

A

Vagus (X)

78
Q

What nerve supplies the sensory receptors of the oropharynx involved in coughing?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

79
Q

What nerves supplies the sensory receptors of the oropharynx, larynpharynx and larynx involved in sneezing?

A

Trigeminal (V) and Glosopharyngeal (Ix)

80
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain?

A

The vagus nerve, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein.

81
Q

What nerve supplies the sensory receptors of the laryngopharynx and the larynx involved in coughing?

A

The vagus nerve (X)

82
Q

what are the 4 sets of accessory muscles of deep inspiration?

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
sternocleiodmastoid
scalenus (anterior, medius and posterior)

83
Q

what type of muscle are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

smooth or skeletal

A

skeletal muscle

84
Q

the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by which nerve?

A

Vagus nerve (CN x)

85
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does the vagus nerve pass through?

A

jugular foramen

then descends through carotid sheath

86
Q

Do the vagus nerves descend anterior or posterior to the lung root?

A

posterior

87
Q

what are the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus

88
Q

the aponeurosis’s of the anterolateral abdominal muscle blend at what midline structure?

A

linea alba

89
Q

what is the name of where the anterolateral abdominal muscle fibres end and the aponeurosis begins?

A

the linea semilunaris

90
Q

the external intercostal and external obliques run in which direction?

A

inferomedially (as if hands go in pockets)

91
Q

the internal intercostal and internal obliques run in which direction?

A

superomedially

92
Q

the external obliques attach inferiorly where?

A

anterior part of the iliac crest and the pubic tubercle

93
Q

the external obliques attach superiorly where?

A

superficial aspects of the lower ribs

94
Q

the internal obliques attach inferiorly where?

A

the iliac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

95
Q

the internal obliques attach superiorly where?

A

inferior border of the lower ribs

96
Q

the transversus abdominus muscle fibres run in what direction?

A

transversely

97
Q

the transversus abdominus attaches superiorly where?

A

deep aspects of the lower ribs

98
Q

the transversus abdominus attaches inferiorly where?

A

the iliac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

99
Q

the rectus sheath is composed of what?

A

the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal obliqe, transvesus abdominus

100
Q

what divides the rectus abdominus? (ie to form a 6 pack)

A

tendinous intersections

101
Q

from what vertebra do the thoracoabdominal nerves that originate as intercostal nerves leave?

A

T7 to T11

102
Q

the thoracoabdominal nerves run in a plane between what muscles?

A

internal oblique and transversus abdominus

103
Q

what vertebra does the subcostal nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave from?

A

T12 anterior ramus

104
Q

what vertebra does the iliohypogastric nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave from?

A

half of L1 anterior ramus

105
Q

What type of nerves do the thoracoabdominal nerves contain?

A

somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres

106
Q

What vertebra does the ilioinguinal nerve (a thoracoabdominal nerve) leave?

A

half of L1 anterior ramus

107
Q

tonic contractions of the abdominal muscles do what?

A

maintain posture and support the vertebral column

108
Q

What do guarding contractions of abdominal muscles do?

A

protect the abdominal viscera

109
Q

what do contractions of the abdominal muscles do?

A

cause movement of the vertebral column. increase intra-abdominal pressure (coughin, defecation micturation, labour)

Respiratory (10 decks)

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