Additional Pathology

Question 1

what is respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn a result of?

Answer 1

surfactant deficiency

Question 2

what type of babies are more likely to get respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 2

premature babies

Question 3

what is the name of the condition where your lungs collapse and don’t inflate properly?

Answer 3

actelasis

Question 4

what is a pneumothorax?

Answer 4

air within the pleural space

Question 5

what is IPPV?

Answer 5

intermittent positive-pressure ventilation

a mechanical way of ventilation, uses a positive pressure mechanism to open the alveoli

Question 6

what is CPAP?

Answer 6

continual positive airway pressue

a mechanical way of ventilation, uses positive pressure mechanism to open the alveoli

Question 7

what is barotrauma?

Answer 7

physical body damage to the tissues caused by a difference in pressure between a gas space inside the body and the environment.
can be a complication of mechanical ventilation

Question 8

what is a diaphragmatic hernia in a new born assoiated with?

Answer 8

pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 9

what 2 major risks are there of IPPV and CPAP?

Answer 9

pneumothorax

barotrauma

Question 10

what type of inheritance is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 10

autosomal recessive

Question 11

what mutation occurs in cystic fibrosis?

Answer 11

mutation in the CFTR gene

Question 12

what is the most common cause of bronchiolitis?

Answer 12

RSV

Question 13

what is croup?

Answer 13

viral laryngotracheobronchitis

Question 14

what are the symptoms of croup?

Answer 14

stridor, barking cough

Question 15

what is the treatment of croup?

Answer 15

oral steroids to reduce inflammaiton

Question 16

what is stridor?

Answer 16

inspiratory wheeze due to large airway obstruction

Question 17

what are the main causes of stridor in children?

Answer 17

infections
foreign body
anaphylaxis/ angioneurotic oedema
other (eg burns)

Question 18

what are the main causes of stridor in an adult?

Answer 18

neoplasms
anaphylaxis
goitre (swelling of thyroid gland)
trauma

Question 19

what is normal on the epworth sleepiness scale?

Answer 19

less than 10 out of 24

Question 20

what causes snoring?

Answer 20

relaxation of the pharyngeal dilator muscles during sleep causing upper airway narrowing, turbulent airflow and vibration of soft palate and tongue base

Question 21

what is obstructive sleep apnoea?

Answer 21

intermittent upper airway collapse in sleep causing recurrent arousals +/- hypoxaemia

Question 22

what are the 8 risk factors for sleep apnoea?

Answer 22

1. enlarged tonsils
2. obesity
3. retrognathia (abnormal position of the jaw)
4. acromegaly, hypothyroidism
5. oropharyngeal deformity
6. neurological problems (eg stroke MS etc)
7. drugs (benzodiapines, opiates alcohol)
8. post op period after anaesthesia

Question 23

what are the 4 main consequences of sleep apnoea in terms of body function?

Answer 23

1. excessive daytime sleepiness
2. personality change
3. cognitive/functional impairment
4. major impact on daytime function

Question 24

what are the 6 biochemical consequences of sleep apnoea?

Answer 24

1. hypertension
2. activated sympathetic system
3. rasied CRP
4. impaired endothelial function
5. impaired glucose tolerance
6. probable increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular events

Question 25

how do you diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea?

Answer 25

snoring
rasied epworth score
overnight sleep study
full polysomnography

Question 26

what is the treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea?

Answer 26

1. remove underlying cause (eg drugs)

2. CPAP

Question 27

what does CPAP do?

Answer 27

maintains upper airway patency